Klima der Angst oder Respekt auf Augenhöhe? Erfahrungen von Hartz IV-Beziehenden mit Jobcentern im Zuge der Corona-Pandemie

Zusammenfassung Im Zuge der Corona-Pandemie wurden der Zugang zu Leistungen der Grundsicherung vereinfacht und die Zugangsvoraussetzungen zur Gewährung von Sozialleistungen sowie die Disziplinierung der Leistungsbeziehenden abgeschwächt. Bislang ist unklar, welche Erfahrungen Leistungsbeziehende mit diesem vereinfachten Zugang gemacht haben. Der Beitrag untersucht dies auf Basis einer quantitativen Erhebung unter Grundsicherungsbeziehenden des Kreises Recklinghausen. Im Fokus stehen die Beurteilung der Interaktion mit den Jobcenter-Beschäftigten seitens der Leistungsbeziehenden, die Zufriedenheit mit dem Hartz IV-System und die Einstellungen zum vereinfachten Zugang zur Grundsicherung im Jahr 2020. Die Befunde zeigen: Leistungsbeziehende nehmen das Jobcenter mehrheitlich nicht als Ort der Angst und Disziplinierung wahr, obgleich Scham ebenso Teil der Realität ist. Positive Erfahrungen mit dem Jobcenter gehen einher mit positiven Effekten auf die Beurteilung des Hartz IV-Systems, was die Bedeutung der Jobcenter als street-level bureaucracy unterstreicht. Eine Verstetigung wesentlicher Elemente des vereinfachten Zugangs wird mehrheitlich befürwortet, allerdings mit der Ausnahme einer dauerhaften Aussetzung von Sanktionen. Der Beitrag diskutiert abschließend sozialpolitische Implikationen für eine neujustierte Grundsicherung. Abstract: Climate of Fear or Respect at Eye Level? Experiences of Hartz IV-Recipients with Jobcentres during the COVID-19 pandemic In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, the access to basic security benefits for job seekers was facilitated by promoting unconditional security elements and weakening disciplinary measures for recipients. So far, it is unclear what experiences benefit recipients have had with these new regulations. The article investigates this question on the basis of a quantitative survey of basic security benefit recipients. We focus on the evaluation of the interaction with job centre-employees, the satisfaction with the Hartz IV-system and attitudes towards the pandemic-related regulations. The findings show: benefit recipients do not per se perceive job centres as places of fear and harassment, although feelings of shame are also part of their reality. Positive experiences with job centres show positive effects on the evaluation of the Hartz IV-system, which underlines the important role of job centres as street-level bureaucracies. Making the new regulations permanent is supported by the vast majority, although a permanent renunciation of sanctions is not favoured. Finally, the article discusses social policy implications for a redesigned basic security system.

Unconditionally secure relativistic multi-party biased coin flipping and die rolling

We introduce relativistic multi-party biased die-rolling protocols, generalizing coin flipping to M ≥ 2 parties and to N ≥ 2 outcomes for any chosen outcome biases and show them unconditionally secure. Our results prove that the most general random secure multi-party computation, where all parties receive the output and there is no secret input by any party, can be implemented with unconditional security. Our protocols extend Kent’s (Kent A. 1999 Phys. Rev. Lett. 83 , 5382) two-party unbiased coin-flipping protocol, do not require any quantum communication, are practical to implement with current technology and to our knowledge are the first multi-party relativistic cryptographic protocols.

Experimental demonstrations of unconditional security in a purely classical regime

So far, unconditional security in key distribution processes has been confined to quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols based on the no-cloning theorem of nonorthogonal bases. Recently, a completely different approach, the unconditionally secured classical key distribution (USCKD), has been proposed for unconditional security in the purely classical regime. Unlike QKD, both classical channels and orthogonal bases are key ingredients in USCKD, where unconditional security is provided by deterministic randomness via path superposition-based reversible unitary transformations in a coupled Mach–Zehnder interferometer. Here, the first experimental demonstration of the USCKD protocol is presented.

Analysis of phase noise effects in a coupled Mach–Zehnder interferometer for a much stabilized free-space optical link

Recently, new physics for unconditional security in a classical key distribution (USCKD) has been proposed and demonstrated in a frame of a double Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) as a proof of principle, where the unconditional security is rooted in MZI channel superposition. Due to environmental phase noise caused by temperature variations, atmospheric turbulences, and mechanical vibrations, free-space optical links have been severely challenged for both classical and quantum communications. Here, the double MZI scheme of USCKD is analyzed for greatly subdued environment-caused phase noise via double unitary transformation, resulting in potential applications of free-space optical links, where the free-space optical link has been a major research area from fundamental physics of atomic clock and quantum key distribution to potential applications of geodesy, navigation, and MIMO technologies in mobile communications systems.

Lottery and Auction on Quantum Blockchain

This paper proposes a protocol for lottery and a protocol for auction on quantum Blockchain. Our protocol of lottery satisfies randomness, unpredictability, unforgeability, verifiability, decentralization and unconditional security. Our protocol of auction satisfies bid privacy, posterior privacy, bids’ binding, decentralization and unconditional security. Except quantum Blockchain, the main technique involved in both protocols is quantum bit commitment.