Molecular Phylogeny of Endophytic Fungi from Rattan (Calamus castaneus Griff.) Spines and Their Antagonistic Activities against Plant Pathogenic Fungi

Calamus castaneus is a common rattan palm species in the tropical forests of Peninsular Malaysia and is noticeable by the yellow-based spines that cover the stems. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of fungal endophytes within C. castaneus spines and whether they inhibit the growth of fungal pathogens. Twenty-one genera with 40 species of fungal endophytes were isolated and identified from rattan palm spines. Based on molecular identification, the most common isolates recovered from the spines were Colletotrichum (n = 19) and Diaporthe spp. (n = 18), followed by Phyllosticta spp., Xylaria sp., Trichoderma spp., Helminthosporium spp., Penicillium spp., Fusarium spp., Neopestalotiopsis spp., Arthrinium sp., Cyphellophora sp., Cladosporium spp., Curvularia sp., Bionectria sp., and Acremonium spp. Non-sporulating fungi were also identified, namely Nemania primolutea, Pidoplitchkoviella terricola, Muyocopron laterale, Acrocalymma fici, Acrocalymma medicaginis, and Endomelanconiopsis endophytica. The isolation of these endophytes showed that the spines harbor endophytic fungi. Most of the fungal endophytes inhibited the growth of several plant pathogenic fungi, with 68% of the interactions resulting in mutual inhibition, producing a clear inhibition zone of <2 mm. Our findings demonstrate the potential of the fungal endophytes from C. castaneus spines as biocontrol agents.

Tradisional atau Modern: Dampak Kebijakan Perumahan Rakyat terhadap Bangunan Tradisional di Lembah Bada, Sulawesi Selatan

Public housing has become Indonesian Government’s main consideration since 1970s. As one of public welfare indicator, three categories of house based on its material are amongst government’s policy of public housing. Discussing the impact of government’s public housing policy implementation into traditional houses in Indonesia is the aim of this article. Qualitative method consists of field survey and desktop survey used as primary data collection. Field survey at Bada was conducted in 2012 and followed by desktop survey. Result of the study shows that traditional houses built from organic materials like wood, thatch, bamboo, rattan, palm fiber, and leaves, considered as non-permanent house. Thus, the category is a legitimation for people to shift from traditional houses to modern houses (permanent house), following social and economics factor that triggered the phenomena. In Bada it happened in rapid movement and endangered the existence of traditional houses.Keywords: traditional house, policy, government, BadaAbstrak. Perumahan rakyat telah menjadi pusat perhatian Pemerintah Indonesia sejak tahun 1970-an. Sebagai salah satu indikator kesejahteraan, tiga tipe rumah berdasarkan materialnya ada di dalam kebijakan pemerintah terkait perumahan rakyat. Tujuan utama dari artikel ini adalah untuk mendiskusikan dampak penerapan kebijakan perumahan rakyat tersebut terhadap rumah-rumah tradisional di Indonesia. Pengumpulan data primer dilakukan dengan metode kualitatif terdiri dari survei lapangan dan survei data sekunder. Survei lapangan di Bada dilakukan pada tahun 2012 dan dilanjutkan dengan survei data sekunder. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rumah tradisional yang dibangun dengan bahan-bahan organik seperti kayu, bambu, ijuk, rotan, serat palem, dan dedaunan, termasuk dalam kategori rumah tidak permanen. Pengkategorian tersebut adalah legitimasi masyarakat untuk beralih dari rumah tradisional ke rumah modern (rumah permanen), mengikuti faktor perubahan sosial dan ekonomi yang menjadi pemicu fenomena tersebut. Di Bada hal tersebut terjadi cukup cepat dan mengancam keberadaan rumah-rumah tradisional. Kata kunci: rumah tradisional, kebijakan pemerintah, Bada