Measuring Eco-Efficiency of State-Owned Forestry Enterprises in Northeast China

State-owned forestry enterprises (SOFEs) play an important role in the forestry economy in China. Understanding the eco-efficiency of their production is beneficial for the development of sustainable forestry and for achieving Goal 8 of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Decent Work and Economic Growth. This paper assesses SOFEs’ overall eco-efficiency by analyzing various undesirable outputs using the Slacks-Based Measure of efficiency in Data Envelopment Analysis (SBM-DEA) model. Using basic data from 87 SOFEs in Northeast China from 2003 to 2016, this paper evaluated the eco-efficiency development level and spatial patterns of that region. The results show that SOFEs’ low eco-efficiency was caused by low pure-technical efficiency. Regional differences in eco-efficiency were very significant and became larger, but a market-oriented reform might help to improve such efficiency. The eco-efficiency of SOFEs was in decline from 2003 to 2016 due to the implementation of the Natural Forest Protection Project (NFPP). However, due to a relative lack of production factor inputs, most SOFEs’ scale returns are now increasing. In the future, efforts should be made to promote market-oriented reforms and take the path of large-scale development.

PERLINDUNGAN KAWASAN HUTAN WISATA BERBASIS ADAT DI DESA SANGEH

Abstrak Objek dalam pembahasan jurnal ini berlokasi di kawasan wiasata alam sangeh yang mana di dalamnya terdapat berbagai habitat fauna dan flora, fauna yang terbanyak adalah Kera abu-abu (Macaca fascicularis) kurang lebih 600 ekor dan flora pohon pala di kawasan hutan wisata alam sangeh. Perlindungan Kawasan wisata alam sangeh melibatkan desa adat dalam melindungi dan mengelola kawasan wisata alam sangeh, baik itu melindungi habitat monyet dan satwa lainnya maupun fauna yang ada di kawasan hutan wisata alam sangeh, perlindungan kawasan hutan wisata berbasis adat di desa sangeh dapat dilihat berupa bentuk kearifan lokal berbentuk bangunan suci (pura), maupun adanya Tri Hita Karana di dalam aturan adat, peran adat dalam melindungi kawasan hutan wisata sangeh dapat dilihat pada awig-awig desa adat Sangeh serta dibentuknya kelembagaan sadar wisata oleh desa adat sangeh untuk mengelola dan melindungi kawasan hutan wisata sangeh. Kata Kunci: Perlindungan, Kawasan Hutan dan Desa Adat Abstract Objects in the discussion of this journal are in the area of natural tourism sangeh which in it there are various habitats of fauna and flora, the fauna is gray monkey (Macaca fascicularis) approximately 600 head and flora of nutmeg trees in the forest area of sangeh natural forest. Protection Sangeh natural tourism area involves indigenous villages in protecting and managing natural sangeh tourism area, whether it is protecting the habitat of monkeys and other animals and fauna that exist in natural forest sangeh forest, protection of custom-based tourism forest area in sangeh village can be seen in the form of wisdom local in the form of a sacred building (temple), or Tri Hita Karana in customary law, customary role in protecting forest area of sangeh can be seen in awang-awig of Sangeh custom village and the establishment of conscious tourism institution by adat sangeh village to manage and protect forest area sangeh tour Keywords: Protection, Forest and Indigenous Villages

China’s Natural Forest Protection Program: Progress and impacts

This is a brief review on the progress and impacts of China’s Natural Forest Protection Program that was initiated in response to massive flooding in 1998 of the major river basins of China. The program was heavily financed by the central government and was a success in terms of three program goals: timber harvest control in the natural forests; increase in the total area of forest protection; and, the successful resettlement of forest workers who were affected by reduced harvests. The ecological, social, and economic impacts of the program are discussed.