Optimizing Land Use in Lumajang Regency

Land use in Lumajang Regency is dominated by agricultural land. However, over time there was a conversion of agricultural land into residential land as a result of an increase in population. The purpose of this study was to determine the pattern and area of optimal land-use allocation increase economic value in Lumajang Regency. The method used in this study was linear programming with the simplex method. The maximum farming income obtained from optimizing land use is Rp710,306,800,000.00. The optimal land-use area for paddy fields is 42,686.71 ha, the protected forest is 12,652 ha, and residential land is 18,284 ha. The optimal proportion of land use is 58% rice fields, 17% protected forests, and 25% settlements. The optimal paddy field area has decreased by 6,003.26 ha from the land area in 2018 because there are paddy fields that do not match their characteristics. The largest area of rice field reduction in Candipuro District is 2,138.51 ha. Meanwhile, the direction for the allocation of residential land has increased settlement land from 2018 with an area of 1,114.1 ha. The development of residential land is allocated to land that has been planned for settlement in the Spatial Planning (RTRW), potential land that has a slope value of 0 - 25%, and areas with low population density. The largest additional area of residential land in Pronojiwo District is 300 ha.

Legacy of Intensive Agricultural History in the Health of (Sub)Tropical Landscapes

Soil health conceptualized as a measurable ecosystem property provides a powerful tool for monitoring progress in restoration projects or implementation of best management practices to promote sustainable agroecosystems. We surveyed soils collected from a range of land uses (i.e., protected native and non-native forest, managed pasture, unmanaged previously intensive agricultural lands, organic cropland, and conventional cropland) across a range of soil orders (Oxisol, Mollisol, Andisol, Inceptisol, and Vertisol) on three Hawaiian Islands. Forty-six metrics associated with soil health and encompassing biological, chemical, and physical properties were measured. In this multivariate survey, the most distinct group was the unmanaged, previously intensive agriculture lands, which was significantly different from all other land uses regardless of mineralogy. Importantly, the soil health of well-managed pastures in Hawaiʻi was not different from protected forests, suggesting that well-managed grazing lands may be as healthy and resilient as protected forests. A suite of 11 readily measured parameters emerged out of a first-principle approach to determining a holistic indication of soil health across a range of soils and systems in Hawaiʻi encompassing much of the diversity in the tropics and subtropics. Every land use may improve its soil health status within a reasonable range of expectations for a soil’s land use history, current land use, and mineralogy. Key drivers of the measures for soil health, including intensive land use history, current land use practices, and mineralogy, must be interwoven into the soil health index, which should set minimum and maximum benchmarks and weight parameters according to equitable standards.

Effects of Forestry Transformation on the Landscape Level of Biodiversity in Poland’s Forests

At all times, historical, political, economic, and social factors have affected the management of forests, with direct and indirect effects on the landscape. This study aimed to trace the impact of Poland’s forestry evolution over the last 75 years (1945–2020) on forest biodiversity at the landscape level. Five indicators were selected (forest area, forest fragmentation, protected forests, protective forests, harvesting intensity) to identify directions and dynamics of changes of the forest landscape and their determinants and repercussions. In addition, there were determined forest landscapes threats and recommendations for further action and intervention were formulated. The study period embraced two eras of widely divergent political-economic conditions in Poland (socialism and democracy). In the socialism era (1945–1989), there promptly increased total forest cover, wood resources (total growing stock) and the total area of protective forests (essential for safeguarding biodiversity, including the landscape level). In the era of democracy (1990–2020), average growing stock density increased intensely, and at the same time, a greater emphasis was put on reducing forest fragmentation and clear-cut logging. The results obtained showed equal average increase in the area of protected forests in both eras under the study (most intense at their crossing point). In view of the protection of biodiversity at the forest landscape level, the changes throughout the study period were considered positive, although not without problems and challenging consequences for foresters. The determined pressures to the forest landscapes, requiring legal, political, or financial solutions, include a risk of alteration of the ownership structure of Poland’s forests or possibility of operational changes in the State Forests National Forest Holding; outdated forest policies; organizational difficulties in the forest landscape protection; insufficient conservation funding; uneven distribution and further fragmentation of forests; and—last but not least—climate change impacts, including extreme weather events and droughts.

Evaluasi Kemampuan Lahan di Desa Sungai Jelayan Kecamatan Kedawangan Kabupaten Ketapang

Sungai Jelayan Village is one of the villages in Kendawangan District, Ketapang Regency, which still has the potential for sustainable management. Evaluation of land capability is one of the efforts to overcome the reduction of land degradation. Land capability is an assessment of land units for particular uses, assessed from each inhibiting factor. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of the land according to the land capability parameter, assessed the land capability sub-class, and provided suggestions for land use based on the land capability sub-class in Sungai Jelayan Village. The research stages started from preparation, preliminary survey, determination of research location based on land units consisting of soil type, slope class, land use and there were 9 land units, and determination of observation points, as well as field observations and soil sampling, laboratory analysis, data processing and presentation of results. The results obtained 2 soil orders, namely Entisols and Inceptisols. The results of the land capability evaluation were divided into five land capability classes and sub-classes, namely class II-s, III-s, IV-w, V-w, and VIII-es. Improvement efforts or efforts to use land sustainably could be carried out in 5 ways, namely intensive cultivation, moderate cultivation, limited cultivation, nature reserves/protected forests, and intensive grazing.

IMPORTANCE OF SOCIAL CHARACTERISTIC OF COMMUNITY TO SUPPORT RESTORATION PROGRAM IN PROTECTION FOREST

A restoration program is needed by West Lampung District, because 80% of the protected forests in this district have been damaged. Bina Wana (BW) Community Forest Group (CFG) has been successful in carrying out restoration program of 465 ha of Bukit Rigis protected forest. It resulted in an 80% increase in its members' income and an increase by 2.58% of the forest cover. To maintain the success of a sustainable restoration program, high commitment from the community is needed. This research has been conducted in June-July 2019 at West Lampung District, Lampung Province, Indonesia. The objective of this research is to analyse the social variables that affect restoration in the protection forest. The dependent variable is income and independent variables consist of respondents’ characteristics as individuals and social characteristics of the community. Based on the multiple regression linear analysis from 75 respondents, it was found that the significant variables for the sustainability of the restoration of Bukit Rigis protected forest are as follow: age, sex, education, status in CFG, distance from home to CF areas, social aids and social capital (networks, norms and trust). Existence of the youth groups namely Himpunan Pemuda Peduli Hutan dan Lingkungan (HPPHL) and Melati Women Forest Farmer Group (WFFG) plays an important role in implementing the restoration program. Establishment of HPPHL will ensure regeneration in maintaining the sustainability of restoration achievements. The role of WFFG is also important because their households’ income is supported by WFFG and enables the BW CFG members to be more concentrated in maintaining forest sustainability.

ANALISIS TAPAK BUKIT KATUNUN

The purpose of this site analysis is to determine business space and public space in accordance with Regulation of the Director General of Sustainable Production Forest Management Number P.06 / PDASHL / SET / KUM.1 / 11/2016 concerning Guidelines for Designing a Site Design for Management of Natural Tourism in Protected Forests. The analysis method of identifying satellite imagery in 2018 with the use of Quantum software can create slope class maps and land cover maps. These results are then checked randomly in the field. This site analysis was prepared by referring to the provisions of the Minister of Environment and Forestry Regulation Number P.22 / Menhut-II / 2012 concerning Guidelines for Business Activities Utilizing Natural Tourism Environmental Services in Protected Forests, Regulation of the Director General of Sustainable Production Forest Management Number P.06 / PDASHL /SET/KUM.1/11/2016 concerning Guidelines for Designing a Site for Management of Nature Tourism in Protected Forests. Site Analysis is a dynamic reference for planners to divide Bukit Katunun natural tourism area into business space and public space. Business space will be built restaurant / café, lodging, paid camping ground, swimming pool and agrotourism area. While public spaces will be built gates (2 pieces) and security posts, information and health centers, parking areas, gathering areas + toilets, parks + fountains, free camping ground, halls / meeting rooms, research centers, viewing towers and shelters ( 4 pieces), and a trail (jungle tracking) ± 2000 m.

Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Forest Management Activities from 1990 to 2019 to Demonstrate Additionality for Climate Change Mitigation in the Forest Sector of South Korea

Forest management is key to maintaining and increasing carbon sinks in forests. In the context of climate change mitigation, the exact number of carbon sinks associated with forest management is estimated as the additionality of activities, which means net greenhouse gas (GHG) removals or carbon sequestration over and above those that would have arisen even in the absence of a given activity. This study analyzes the spatial and temporal patterns of forest management activities to present the forest management ratio, of managed area to the total forest area, as an indicator of additionality in forest management in South Korea. Forest management activities based on the IPCC guidelines were spatially constructed, and the characteristics of managed and protected forests from 1990 to 2019 were analyzed. The results indicate that between the managed forests and roads, 90% of the management activities in private forests occurred within 214 m of the road, and 70% of the activities in the national forest occurred within 234 m. Management took place in easy-to-access places with gentle slopes and low elevations. The proportion of protected forests above 40 years old is 87.2%, higher than the average of 72% in South Korea, and it is expected that most forests will age and their carbon absorption capacity will decrease by 2050. The area of tree planting and thinning is approximately 290 thousand ha per year, which could potentially increase the forest management ratio by up to 4.5% per year. However, the actual increase was at an average of 1.4%, owing to the omission of exact information on management activities, such as spatial coordinates and overlapping practices in the same management unit. The forest management ratio in South Korea as of 2019 was 53.4%; therefore, the amount of GHG removal in the forest sectors was 53.4% of total absorption per year. Thus, it is necessary to make efforts to increase the ratio to enhance the contribution of forest sectors to climate change mitigation for the country.

Three uncharted endemic earthworm species of the genus Eutyphoeus (Oligochaeta: Octochaetidae) from Mizoram, India

Integrative approach of taxonomy drives us to the discovery of three new species of the genus Eutyphoeus Michaelsen 1900, namely Eutyphoeus phawngpuiensis sp. nov., Eutyphoeus serei sp. nov. and Eutyphoeus tawi sp. nov. from protected forests of Mizoram, India. E. phawngpuiensis sp. nov. belongs to the Eutyphoeus hastatus group, and is characterized by holandric male organs, having spermathecal pores at “a or ab”, bidiverticulate spermathecae, and lack of genital marking glands. While, E. tawi sp. nov. has spermathecal pores at b or lateral to b, without lateral intestinal caeca. E. serei sp. nov. belongs to the Eutyphoeus gigas group, and is distinguished by having metandric male organs, lacking female pore of right side, and having spoon shaped tip of penial setae without ornamentation. Molecular characterization using coi gene marker also supports the findings. The maximum intraspecific distances and distance to the nearest neighbour of E. phawngpuiensis sp. nov., E. serei sp. nov. and E. tawi sp. nov. were recorded 3.5%, 9.37%; 2.35%, 14.83%; and 2.28%, 12.86% respectively. The key to Eutyphoeus species of India was also updated.