water mill
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Globus ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2(59)) ◽  
pp. 19-23
Author(s):  
Omar Malamagomedovich Davudov

The article considers the water mill stone, discovered in the wall of the residential complex during the excavation of the citadel of the shakhsenger settlement. One of the early information about the water mill belongs to Strabon. He says that in the 90-s year of the 1-st century bc. in the cabins of the Pontus kingdom, the palace of the Mitridate and its water mill were built. At the same time the water mills penetrated in Armenia, ruler (Mithridates relative), which pursued a policy of Hellenization of his country. Since that time, the water mill of the pontian type began to distributed all over the Caucasus. In the plane Daghestan it penned in the period of the arab expansion. «Derbent name» reports that in 173 hijri (789-90 year) arabian khalif Garun Rashid arrived in Derbent and has used its improvement. Then the same he built mills there and broken gardens and vegetables. At the same time he build mills in the population points occupied by arabs, including in the former «Suvar fortress» (Shakhsenger settlement.) .


Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 6731
Author(s):  
Egidijus Kasiulis ◽  
Petras Punys ◽  
Algis Kvaraciejus ◽  
Antanas Dumbrauskas ◽  
Linas Jurevičius

Small hydropower (SHP) plays an important role in the Baltic States as a reliable and efficient source of electricity from renewable sources. This study presents the historical development, current status, and possible trends for the future development of SHP in the Baltic States with insights into the legal background and development policies for SHP in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. For the assessment of hydraulic structures in the Baltic States, the historical data was used supplemented with data from hydropower associations, the national departments of statistics, electricity transmission systems operators, etc. The currently recommended best practice for SHP development is the utilisation of existing sites with available infrastructure. These include old water mill sites and existing dam sites, which, in the Baltic States, number more than 1500. The majority of these sites have their power potential attributed to micro-hydro (<100 kW). In this study the potential of the hydropower capacity at historic, currently nonpowered dams is evaluated and the distribution of the micro-hydro sites within the EU network of protected areas under Natura 2000 and nationally designated areas is presented. The potential electricity generation from such historic sites in the Baltic States is more than 200 GWh/year.


Author(s):  
Р.П. Кулумбегов

В Осетии, как и повсеместно на Кавказе, бытовали традиционные мельницы двух основных типов – ручные и водяные. Мельничные механизмы, работающие посредством усилий домашних животных (ослов, верблюдов) или на силе ветра в регионе не получили распространение и были редким исключением. Древнейшим приспособлением для помола зерна была зернотерка, широко распространившаяся в неолите. Значительным шагом в совершенствовании технологии помола стал переход к использованию вращающегося жернова, то есть ручной мельницы. На территории Осетии они известны с эпохи бронзы. Водяные мельницы стали следующим этапом в развитии мукомольной технологии, значительно увеличив производительность. Для устройства мельницы было необходимо наличие источника воды, посредством которой создавался напор водяного потока, приводящий в действие мельничное колесо. В Осетии мельница, работающая от энергии воды, носила название къада куырой – «ручейная мельница». Помимо хозяйственных функций мельница в представлении земледельцев была связана с мифологией. Горцы полагали, что мельничный механизм, работающий без непосредственного участия человека, только на силе воды, является олицетворением сверхъестественных сил. Превращение зерна в муку, с использованием стихии воды, постоянный шум мельничного колеса, не прекращающийся даже ночью, обособленность строения, устные предания с магическим окрасом – все это заставляло относиться к мельнице как к обиталищу темной субстанции. Поэтому мельница является местом-локусом, связанным с мифопоэтическим представлением о мире, его границах, духах места и воды, зонах сакрального пространства и соответствующих им поведенческих норм. Если осетинская мельница къада куырой как элемент механизации труда земледельца описана достаточно полно, то мифологические представления, связанные с ней, все еще нуждаются в исследовании. In Ossetia, as everywhere in the Caucasus, mills were divided into two main types - manual and water. Mill mechanisms working through the efforts of domestic animals (donkeys, camels) or on the strength of the wind in the region under consideration were not widespread and were a rare exception. Hand mills are the most ancient mechanical device for grinding flour, and they have been known in Ossetia since the Bronze Age. Water mills have become the next step in the development of milling technology, greatly increasing productivity. For the work of the mill, it was necessary to have a source of water, by which the pressure of the water flow was created, and which was used to drive the mill wheel. In Ossetia a mill powered by water energy was called Qada Kuyroj. In addition to economic functions, the mill, in the view of agriculturalists was associated with mythology. The mountaineers believed that a mill mechanism that works without human involvement and only on the power of water is a manifestation of supernatural powers. The transformation of grain into flour, using water, the constant noise of the mill wheel, which doesn’t stop even at night, the isolation of the building, oral traditions with magical insides - all this made them treat mill as a place with dark substance. Therefore, the mill is a locus-place associated with mythopoetic idea of ​​the world, its borders, the spirits of place and water, zones of sacred space and behavioral norms. If Ossetian mill qada kwyroj, as the element of mechanization of the work for agriculturalists, is described quite fully, still the mythological ideas associated with it still need further research.


Author(s):  
Іnna Аkmen ◽  
Kyrylo Bozhko ◽  
Tetiana Kutsenko ◽  
Mariia Rusanova

Mills located on the waterways of Ukraine still remain little-explored architectural monuments. The main waterway of Podillya is Southern Bug River, which is quite fast and overflowing. Being associated with the activities of mankind, the water mill was not only an industrial object, but also mythological and mysterious and had a distinctive architecture and bright decorated facades, which often distinguished it from other buildings in the city. The mill in Medzhibozh on the Southern Bug is the oldest building in the region. M. Hrushevsky pointed out the important fortification function of the mill during the siege of the city. F. Vovk and M. Sumtsov studied mills as an ethnographic component of people's life, and according to S. Taranushenko, mills together with bell towers and churches determined the nature of Ukrainian monumental folk architecture and were the main accents in village or city planning. Modern researches by M. Dolynska and R. Mohytych localize topography and investigate economic significance of mills. The Medzhibizh mill stands in the area of the upper Pobuzhye in the zone of flooding of the Southern Bug and Buzhok rivers in a wide swampy ravine. Iconography and cartography depicting the mill is uncommon, from the first drawing to reproduction in postcards and photographs there are about 10 fixations. The water mill in Medzhibozh, Khmelnytsky region, which is now in a terrible state, was explored in the summer of 2019 by an expedition of Kharkiv National University of Construction and Architecture led by PhD in architecture I.R. Akmen, T.D. Kutsenko, M.V. Rusanova. Research of the object aw well as architectural and archeological measurements are stored in the archives of the State Historical and Cultural Reserve "Mezhibizh". According to the existing appearance of the dilapidated mill with the remains of industrial culture, carrying out historical and architectural-archaeological research, as well as looking at the iconographic material, it was determined that from its inception to the state of the XXI century. the construction of the mill went through four stages: the period of active construction of the city by Mykola Senyavsky and the time of the Polish-Turkish wars (1540–1699); the period of activity of the Senyavsky family, who restored the castle and fortifications (1699–1727); the period of the Czartoryski economy and the transfer of Medzhibozh to a military unit of the Russian Empire (1730–1941); period of perestroika in the postwar period to the end of the XXbeginning of the XXI century.


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