From National Autonomy to Independent State: The Bund in the Face of the State of Israel, 1948-1989

The title of the article ’From National Autonomy to Independent State‘ refers to the gradual change that occurred in the wake of the Holocaust with respect to the Bund’s refusal to recognize the State of Israel as the national home of the Jewish people during its first forty years. Yet notwithstanding the historical anti-Zionism ideology of the Bund, the movement never wavered in its identification with the State while remaining critical of Israel’s policy towards the Arab refugee problem created by the War of Independence (1948-1949).

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This story underlines the high-tech preventive immigration policies and imagines a future where the digital European borders are extended beyond their geographical locations to tackle the “refugee problem” at its origin. The story depicts the contrast between the harsh reality of people fleeing war, terrorism, and patriarchy and the tremendous technological investment to restrain their movement. This piece has been written at a truly unsettling time, as the world is silently watching the demolishment of the women’s movement’s achievements in Afghanistan after twenty years of waging a fruitless war. By describing an encounter between a border robot and a refugee, this story turns our gaze from a problem to a human and unveils the brutality of immigration datafication—reducing wounded bodies and souls to biometric specificities.

A Critique of the Global Literature on the Conservation Refugee Problem

<p>Displacement of people has often been driven by large scale development projects, wars, disease and ecological disasters such as famine and drought. However, there is another category of displaced people who have often been ignored. These people who are victims of a much more noble cause are referred to as conservation refugees. Conservation refugees are people displaced from protected areas. Despite the existence of conservation refugees and their plight, only Brockington and Igoe (2006) have attempted a global literature review on the problem. While their study explains who conservation refugees are as well as when and where the displacements have occurred, my study goes further and critiques the international law and declaration designed to protect the rights of conservation refugees. I also examine conservation policies and the impacts of displacement on conservation refugees based on the Impoverishment Risk Reconstruct Model (IRR) of Cernea (1997). My literature review explains who conservation refugees and describes their global distribution. The review of literature in English and French uncovers 170 relevant articles, of which 73 dealt with issues directly related to conservation refugees. I find that most of the approximately 3,058,000 conservation refugees are members of 28 different indigenous groups displaced across 48 protected areas. I also introduce and discuss international law and declarations aimed at protecting conservation refugees and point out that it is not their inadequacy as laws in protecting conservation refugees but rather a local failure to enforce them. Conservation policies themselves are also a major factor in protecting inhabitants of protected areas. Often conservation organizations are more sensitive to the protection of flora and fauna rather than the well-being of the area’s inhabitants. Therefore, the goal of double sustainability is not met and this affects the relationship between local people and protected areas in a negative way. One thing we have learned is that protected areas across the world operate much more successfully when they are managed with or by indigenous peoples themselves.</p>

A Critique of the Global Literature on the Conservation Refugee Problem

<p>Displacement of people has often been driven by large scale development projects, wars, disease and ecological disasters such as famine and drought. However, there is another category of displaced people who have often been ignored. These people who are victims of a much more noble cause are referred to as conservation refugees. Conservation refugees are people displaced from protected areas. Despite the existence of conservation refugees and their plight, only Brockington and Igoe (2006) have attempted a global literature review on the problem. While their study explains who conservation refugees are as well as when and where the displacements have occurred, my study goes further and critiques the international law and declaration designed to protect the rights of conservation refugees. I also examine conservation policies and the impacts of displacement on conservation refugees based on the Impoverishment Risk Reconstruct Model (IRR) of Cernea (1997). My literature review explains who conservation refugees and describes their global distribution. The review of literature in English and French uncovers 170 relevant articles, of which 73 dealt with issues directly related to conservation refugees. I find that most of the approximately 3,058,000 conservation refugees are members of 28 different indigenous groups displaced across 48 protected areas. I also introduce and discuss international law and declarations aimed at protecting conservation refugees and point out that it is not their inadequacy as laws in protecting conservation refugees but rather a local failure to enforce them. Conservation policies themselves are also a major factor in protecting inhabitants of protected areas. Often conservation organizations are more sensitive to the protection of flora and fauna rather than the well-being of the area’s inhabitants. Therefore, the goal of double sustainability is not met and this affects the relationship between local people and protected areas in a negative way. One thing we have learned is that protected areas across the world operate much more successfully when they are managed with or by indigenous peoples themselves.</p>

The Turkish Press about the Attitudes of the Bulgarian Turks and the Totalitarian Deportation Policy (1968 - 1969)

The flow of refugees and displaced people from the present territories of Bulgaria to the Ottoman Empire and Turkish Republic continued more than a century. In the scientific researches the refugee problem usually is considered from the political and historic point of view, the authors basing their studies mainly on official documents, treaties and bilateral agreements, protocols and reports preserved in different archives, in which personal experiences and human stories are lacking. The memories and the impressions of victims and witnesses shared in memoirs and in the press present the most vivid, intimate and realistic human stories. Some of the popular newspapers published testimonies and papers of the eviction from 1969 - 1978 which took place in the frame of a bilateral agreement. Three series of reportages published from the beginning of 1968 to the end of 1969 testified about the realistic attitudes of the Turkish minority, the personal drama of some of its representatives (leaving or staying in the totalitarian state) in the stormiest and full of tension years of negotiation, signing and starting the limited emigration. The aim of this research is to present the public discourse in Turkey about this exodus which have not found proper place in the researches.

2. Refugees

This chapter traces the history of refugees. Throughout all periods of human history, people have been forcibly displaced and have fled their homes as a consequence of political, ethnic, and religious persecution, and wars. The practice of receiving societies and religious institutions offering some form of protection, political belonging, and rights for the displaced has an equally long history. By the late 1940s, the newly created United Nations recognized the need to extend the existing international treaties and organizations regarding refugees particularly to meet the growing post-war refugee problem in Europe. The result was a process that established the contemporary global refugee regime.

Tinjauan Sikap dan Kebijakan Negara-Negara Terkait Pengungsi Timur Tengah: Peran Strategis Negara-Negara Mayoritas Muslim dalam Perspektif Islam

The issue of refugees is one of the crucial issues that is currently becoming a trending topic in the international world. This can be seen from the media headlines and the proliferation of refugee camps scattered in Indonesia's various places. It is necessary to have a comprehensive and collective policy towards handling refugees in a bilateral framework by each country. However, it is necessary to have multilateral policies by Muslim-majority countries to overcome the refugee problem. This research uses a qualitative method with a case study method, focuses explicitly on Muslim-majority countries. In contrast, the type of data used in this research is data through library research/literature review, namely reports of related institutions, journals, books, websites, UNHCR data, and the results of previous research related to refugee issues. This study indicates that the attitudes and policies adopted by Muslim-majority countries related to refugees originating from the Middle East, in terms of quantity (people), the majority of refugee recipients come from OIC countries, especially in Turkey, Pakistan, Iran, and Lebanon. There are policy strategies that Muslim-majority countries can undertake to address refugee problems, including establishing a Refugee Emergency Team to safely travel to certain countries, providing education and employment rights. Islamic teachings related to refugees' handling have been discussed in many verses, hadiths, and Islamic history. However, people in Muslim countries rarely mention and articulate 'hijrah' when dealing with refugees, so that awareness and improvement of the quality of handling refugees is needed.Isu pengungsi merupakan salah satu isu krusial yang sedang menjadi trending topic di dunia internasional. Hal ini terlihat dari headline media dan maraknya kamp pengungsian yang tersebar di berbagai tempat di Indonesia. Diperlukan kebijakan yang komprehensif dan kolektif terhadap penanganan pengungsi dalam kerangka bilateral oleh masing-masing negara, diperlukan adanya kebijakan multilateral oleh negara mayoritas muslim untuk mengatasi masalah pengungsi. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan metode studi kasus, berfokus secara eksplisit pada negara-negara mayoritas Muslim. Sedangkan jenis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data melalui studi pustaka/ literatur review yaitu laporan instansi terkait, jurnal, buku, website, data UNHCR, dan hasil penelitian sebelumnya terkait masalah pengungsi. Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa sikap dan kebijakan yang diadopsi oleh negara-negara mayoritas Muslim terkait pengungsi yang berasal dari Timur Tengah, secara kuantitas (orang), mayoritas penerima pengungsi berasal dari negara-negara OKI, khususnya di Turki, Pakistan, Iran, dan Libanon. Ada strategi kebijakan yang dapat dilakukan oleh negara-negara mayoritas Muslim untuk mengatasi masalah pengungsi, termasuk membentuk Tim Darurat Pengungsi untuk bepergian dengan aman ke negara-negara tertentu (penerima suaka), dan memberikan hak pendidikan serta pekerjaan. Ajaran Islam terkait penanganan pengungsi telah dibahas dalam banyak ayat, hadits, dan sejarah Islam. Namun masyarakat di negara muslim jarang sekali menyebut dan mengartikulasikan 'hijrah' ketika berhadapan dengan pengungsi, sehingga diperlukan kesadaran dan peningkatan kualitas penanganan pengungsi bagi umat Islam.