scholarly journals A Critique of the Global Literature on the Conservation Refugee Problem

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Harrison Esam Awuh
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
International Law ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Global Literature ◽  
Conservation Policies ◽  
Displaced People ◽  
Conservation Organizations ◽  
Refugee Problem

<p>Displacement of people has often been driven by large scale development projects, wars, disease and ecological disasters such as famine and drought. However, there is another category of displaced people who have often been ignored. These people who are victims of a much more noble cause are referred to as conservation refugees. Conservation refugees are people displaced from protected areas. Despite the existence of conservation refugees and their plight, only Brockington and Igoe (2006) have attempted a global literature review on the problem. While their study explains who conservation refugees are as well as when and where the displacements have occurred, my study goes further and critiques the international law and declaration designed to protect the rights of conservation refugees. I also examine conservation policies and the impacts of displacement on conservation refugees based on the Impoverishment Risk Reconstruct Model (IRR) of Cernea (1997). My literature review explains who conservation refugees and describes their global distribution. The review of literature in English and French uncovers 170 relevant articles, of which 73 dealt with issues directly related to conservation refugees. I find that most of the approximately 3,058,000 conservation refugees are members of 28 different indigenous groups displaced across 48 protected areas. I also introduce and discuss international law and declarations aimed at protecting conservation refugees and point out that it is not their inadequacy as laws in protecting conservation refugees but rather a local failure to enforce them. Conservation policies themselves are also a major factor in protecting inhabitants of protected areas. Often conservation organizations are more sensitive to the protection of flora and fauna rather than the well-being of the area’s inhabitants. Therefore, the goal of double sustainability is not met and this affects the relationship between local people and protected areas in a negative way. One thing we have learned is that protected areas across the world operate much more successfully when they are managed with or by indigenous peoples themselves.</p>

scholarly journals A Critique of the Global Literature on the Conservation Refugee Problem

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Harrison Esam Awuh
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
International Law ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Global Literature ◽  
Conservation Policies ◽  
Displaced People ◽  
Conservation Organizations ◽  
Refugee Problem

<p>Displacement of people has often been driven by large scale development projects, wars, disease and ecological disasters such as famine and drought. However, there is another category of displaced people who have often been ignored. These people who are victims of a much more noble cause are referred to as conservation refugees. Conservation refugees are people displaced from protected areas. Despite the existence of conservation refugees and their plight, only Brockington and Igoe (2006) have attempted a global literature review on the problem. While their study explains who conservation refugees are as well as when and where the displacements have occurred, my study goes further and critiques the international law and declaration designed to protect the rights of conservation refugees. I also examine conservation policies and the impacts of displacement on conservation refugees based on the Impoverishment Risk Reconstruct Model (IRR) of Cernea (1997). My literature review explains who conservation refugees and describes their global distribution. The review of literature in English and French uncovers 170 relevant articles, of which 73 dealt with issues directly related to conservation refugees. I find that most of the approximately 3,058,000 conservation refugees are members of 28 different indigenous groups displaced across 48 protected areas. I also introduce and discuss international law and declarations aimed at protecting conservation refugees and point out that it is not their inadequacy as laws in protecting conservation refugees but rather a local failure to enforce them. Conservation policies themselves are also a major factor in protecting inhabitants of protected areas. Often conservation organizations are more sensitive to the protection of flora and fauna rather than the well-being of the area’s inhabitants. Therefore, the goal of double sustainability is not met and this affects the relationship between local people and protected areas in a negative way. One thing we have learned is that protected areas across the world operate much more successfully when they are managed with or by indigenous peoples themselves.</p>

scholarly journals Pandemic, SDGs, and CSR: Case Study of Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 202 ◽  
pp. 03007
Author(s):  
Sudharto P Hadi ◽  
Hairy Mohd Ibrahim ◽  
Prabawani Bulan ◽  
Sri Suryoko
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Social Restriction ◽  
Zero Hunger

Pandemic covid-19 does not only threat lives and health of people but also hit economic, social, and well-being. Large scale social restriction (PSBB) paralyze all economic activities, in turn, causing unemployment and escalating the number of poor people. Indonesian government provide direct social assistance and other measures to ease the burden of impacted people. Pandemic covid-19 also threats the target of achieving SDGs specifically dealing with pillar 1 (no poverty) and pillar 2 (zero hunger). Through CSR, corporates have important role in dealing with pandemic covid-19 at the stage of emergency and rehabilitation. This paper observed two corporates, holder of Gold Proper ranking, in responding pandemic covid-19 at their areas. This is a descriptive research in which the content analysis, literature review, and webinar are employed to collect the data. The data gathered analysed qualitatively. The CSR adopted by two corporates do not only deal with emergency and rehabilitation stages but also empower people to produce products needed during the pandemic covid-19.

Compensation and Economic Incentives: Reducing Pressure on Protected Areas

Last Stand ◽  
1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J. Ferraro ◽  
Randall A. Kramer
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Negative Externalities ◽  
Tropical Rain Forests ◽  
Waste Dumps ◽  
Difference Of Opinion ◽  
The Relationship

Although the global social benefits of establishing protected areas in tropical rain forests may outweigh the total costs, the local private costs of restricting access to an important resource may be relatively substantial for residents and communities. The imbalance between costs accruing at the local level and benefits accruing at the national and international levels has raised questions about whether people living in or near protected areas ought to be compensated for their losses, and if so, how compensation should be made. The issue of compensating residents for lost resources has been discussed, implicitly or explicitly, in many treatments of the relationship between protected areas and local people, as well as in treatments of externalities. (Economists define externalities as actions of consumers or producers that affect the well-being of others in a way that is not reflected through prices or economic transactions.) In the literature on compensation, there is a large difference of opinion on whether compensation should be paid to victims of negative externalities, which include such things as the pollution of air or water and the siting of hazardous waste dumps. A number of studies have argued for compensation of those people subject to negative externalities, at least in particular situations or through particular mechanisms Oohnson, 1977; O'Hare, 1977; Western, 1982; Knetsch, 1983; Ward, 1986; Tietenberg, 1988; Hodge, 1989; Sullivan, 1990, 1992; Barnett, 1991; Burrows, 1991; McNeely, 1991; Miceli, 1991; Farber, 1992; Pollot, 1993). Other authors, mainly economists, have argued equally persuasively against compensation in many or all situations (Knetsch, 1983; Blume et al., 1984; Baumol and Gates, 1988). Most of the differences of opinion derive from differences in the context of the case examined, the assumptions made, the criteria used for judging the desirability of outcomes, interpretations of relevant laws, and the proposed mechanism for compensation. In the context of protected areas, most authors have argued in favor of compensating residents (e.g., Western, 1982; Barnett, 1991; McNeely, 1991). A unique best choice regarding compensation is not indicated in economic and political theory. Few protected area projects have attempted large-scale compensation initiatives; thus, there are few field examples to guide the discussion.

Sustainable-use protected areas catalyze enhanced livelihoods in rural Amazonia

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (40) ◽  
pp. e2105480118
Author(s):  
João V. Campos-Silva ◽  
Carlos A. Peres ◽  
Joseph E. Hawes ◽  
Torbjørn Haugaasen ◽  
Carolina T. Freitas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Biodiversity Conservation ◽  
Access To Health Care ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Cash Transfer ◽  
Local Livelihoods

Finding new pathways for reconciling socioeconomic well-being and nature sustainability is critically important for contemporary societies, especially in tropical developing countries where sustaining local livelihoods often clashes with biodiversity conservation. Many projects aimed at reconciling the goals of biodiversity conservation and social aspirations within protected areas (PAs) have failed on one or both counts. Here, we investigate the social consequences of living either inside or outside sustainable-use PAs in the Brazilian Amazon, using data from more than 100 local communities along a 2,000-km section of a major Amazonian river. The PAs in this region are now widely viewed as conservation triumphs, having implemented community comanagement of fisheries and recovery of overexploited wildlife populations. We document clear differences in social welfare in communities inside and outside PAs. Specifically, communities inside PAs enjoy better access to health care, education, electricity, basic sanitation, and communication infrastructure. Moreover, living within a PA was the strongest predictor of household wealth, followed by cash-transfer programs and the number of people per household. These collective cobenefits clearly influence life satisfaction, with only 5% of all adult residents inside PAs aspiring to move to urban centers, compared with 58% of adults in unprotected areas. Our results clearly demonstrate that large-scale “win–win” conservation solutions are possible in tropical countries with limited financial and human resources and reinforce the need to genuinely empower local people in integrated conservation-development programs.

scholarly journals A cartography of dispossession: assessing spatial reorganization in state-led conservation in Saadani, Tanzania

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandra Orozco-Quintero ◽  
Leslie King
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
The State ◽  
Convention On Biological Diversity ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Spatial Control ◽  
Conservation Policies ◽  
Spatial Reorganization ◽  
Conservation Organizations

Proclaimed as the "most important conservation success story", protected areas have become the preferred method among state signatories to the Convention on Biological Diversity for addressing conservation challenges. However, state-governed protected areas have been criticized for their failure to achieve ecological and social goals. Reaching a consensus on wildlife conservation strategies has not translated into widespread acceptance of state-governed protected areas by local communities. Critics debate whether the state is sincere and efficient when exerting spatial control. This article analyses state-based conservation in the Saadani landscape in Tanzania, exploring the nature of spatial reorganization and institutional approaches guiding the establishment of protected areas. Spatial reorganization and the actions of conservation organizations have led to the disenfranchisement of the very people whose efforts had enabled biodiversity to be conserved. This is despite an apparent shift in the nature of Tanzania's conservation policies towards more participatory approaches. Through detailing mechanisms used by the state for exerting spatial control in Saadani, we highlight how the approach has been counterproductive for satisfying the country's commitment to the Aichi framework on biodiversity targets and has undermined grassroots backing for conservation. In the context of strong support from the international conservation organizations for Tanzania's conservation efforts, this suggests the need for reassessing global conservation policies and identifying urgent measures and effective mechanisms to protect rights to territory and ancestral tenure in places targeted for conservation.Keywords: conservation, Convention on Biological Diversity, protected areas, spatial reorganization, actions of the state, Saadani, TANAPA, Tanzania. Uvinje 

scholarly journals Towards ecological and social impact through collaborative governance of a seascape of marine protected areas in Honduras

Oryx ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Daniel Steadman
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Marine Protected Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Social Impact ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
Collaborative Governance ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
Marine Management

Abstract Protecting marine biodiversity and ensuring sustainable use through a seascape approach is becoming increasingly widespread in response to the ecological, social and institutional challenges of scaling ocean management. A seascape approach means clustering spatial management measures (marine protected areas) based around the principles of ecological connectivity, and developing or enhancing collaborative governance networks of relevant stakeholders (managers, community groups, non-governmental organizations) based around the principles of social connectivity. As with other large-scale approaches to marine management, there is minimal evidence of long-term impact in seascapes. This study uses a theory-based, participatory impact evaluation to assess perceived changes attributed to the Atlántida seascape in Honduras (initiated in 2015), encompassing three well-established marine protected areas and the non-legally managed waters between them. Using an adapted most significant change method, 15 interviews with a representative subset of seascape stakeholders yielded 165 stories of change, the majority (88%) of which were positive. Enhanced social capital, associated with cross-sectoral collaboration, inter-site conflict resolution and shared learning, was the most consistently expressed thematic change (32% of stories). Although most stories were expressed as activity- or output-related changes, a small proportion (18%) were causally linked to broader outcomes or impact around increased fish and flagship species abundance as well as interconnected well-being benefits for people. Although minimal (and occasionally attributed to prior initiatives that were enhanced by the seascape approach), this impact evidence tentatively links seascapes to recent related research around the effectiveness of appropriately scaled, ecosystem-based and collaboratively governed marine management that balances strict protection with sustainable use.

Immigrant Youth in Germany

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 158-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Frankenberg ◽  
Katharina Kupper ◽  
Ruth Wagner ◽  
Stephan Bongard
Keyword(s):  
School System ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Ethnic Discrimination ◽  
Emotional And Behavioral Problems ◽  
Sociocultural Adaptation ◽  
Age Related ◽  
German School ◽  
Transcultural Adaptation

This paper reviews research on young migrants in Germany. Particular attention is given to the question of how Germany’s history of migration, immigration policies, and public attitude toward migrants influence the transcultural adaptation of children and adolescents from different ethnic backgrounds. We combine past research with the results of new empirical studies in order to shed light on migrants’ psychological and sociocultural adaptation. Studies comparing young migrants and their German peers in terms of psychological well-being, life satisfaction, and mental health outcome suggest higher rates of emotional and behavioral problems among migrants of most age groups. With regard to adolescent populations between the ages of 14 and 17 years, however, the existence of differences between migrants and natives appears to be less clear. Research has also yielded inconsistent findings regarding the time trajectory of transcultural adaptation among adolescents. The coincidence of acculturation and age-related change is discussed as a possible source of these inconsistencies. Further, we provide an overview of risk and protective factors such as conflicting role expectations and ethnic discrimination, which may cause heightened vulnerability to adverse adaptation outcomes in some groups. Large-scale studies have repeatedly shown migrants of all age groups to be less successful within the German school system, indicating poor sociocultural adaptation. Possible explanations, such as the idiosyncrasies of the German school system, are presented. Our own studies contribute to the understanding of young migrants’ adaptation process by showing that it is their orientation to German culture, rather than the acculturation strategy of integration, that leads to the most positive psychological and sociocultural outcomes. The paper concludes by discussing implications for future cross-cultural research on young migrants and by suggesting recommendations for multicultural policies.

Characterising essential breeding habitat for whales informs the development of large-scale Marine Protected Areas in the South Pacific

2016 ◽  
Vol 548 ◽  
pp. 263-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
RE Lindsay ◽  
R Constantine ◽  
J Robbins ◽  
DK Mattila ◽  
A Tagarino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Marine Protected Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
South Pacific ◽  
Breeding Habitat ◽  
The South

(A review) Atlas of especially protected natural areas of Saint Petersburg / Ed. in chief V. N. Khramtsov, T. V. Kovaleva, N. Yu. Natsvaladze. St. Petersburg, 2013. 176 p.

2014 ◽  
pp. 124-129
Author(s):  
Z. V. Karamysheva
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Natural Areas ◽  
Natural Protected Areas ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
Natural Processes ◽  
Original Illustrations ◽  
Vegetation Maps ◽  
Protected Natural Areas

The review contains detailed description of the «Atlas of especially protected natural areas of Saint Petersburg» published in 2013. This publication presents the results of long-term studies of 12 natural protected areas made by a large research team in the years from 2002 to 2013 (see References). The Atlas contains a large number of the historical maps, new satellite images, the original illustrations, detailed texts on the nature of protected areas, summary tables of rare species of vascular plants, fungi and vertebrates recorded in these areas. Special attention is paid to the principles of thematic large-scale mapping. The landscape maps, the vegetation maps as well as the maps of natural processes in landscapes are included. Reviewed Atlas deserves the highest praise.

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