Scientific Publishing: Education as the Key Enabler for the Transition to Open Science

After showing how the advent of the internet, in an almost opposite fashion to what happened to newspaper publishing, has led to further flourishing of the $25 billion scholarly publishing industry, I show how the unexpected expansion of preprints to all scientific disciplines beyond physics, mathematics and computer science is actually reshaping scientific communication at large and then, inevitably, scientific publishing. I thus provide arguments substantiating my viewpoint on why and how expanding the education of today’s students and young researchers to include modern scholarly communication will be instrumental for the transition to open science.

Scientific Publishing: Education as the Key Enabler for the Transition to Open Science

Originally created for facilitating scientific communication, the internet in principle makes scientific journals no longer necessary. Yet, in an almost opposite fashion to what happened to newspaper publishing, the $25 billion annual income scholarly publishing industry has further flourished following the advent of the internet. Expanding the education of today’s students and young researchers to include modern scholarly communication is the key requisite for the transition to open science.

Scientific Publishing: Education as the Key Enabler for the Transition to Open Science

Scholarly journals today are the products of a large industry comprised of for-profit and not-for-profit organizations, whose annual income exceeds $25 billion. Originally created for facilitating scientific communication, the World Wide Web in principle makes scientific journals no longer necessary. Yet, in an almost opposite fashion to what happened in retail publishing, the academic publishing industry has further flourished following the advent of the internet. Education of today’s students and young researchers, we argue in this study, is the key enabler for the transition to open science.

Scientific Publishing: Education as the Key Enabler for the Transition to Open Science

Published since the late 1600s, scholarly journals today are the products of a large industry comprised of for-profit and not-for-profit organizations, mostly based in western Europe and North America, whose annual income exceeds $25 billion ($10 billion for English-language scientific, technical and medical journals). Originally created for facilitating scientific communication, the Web in principle makes scientific journals no longer necessary. Yet, in an almost opposite fashion to what happened in retail publishing, the academic publishing industry has further flourished following the advent of the internet. Education of today’s students and young researchers, we argue in this study, is the key enabler for the transition to open science.

Introduction

The Part examines the rise of secular literature and its alignment with the stylistic conventions and linguistic norms of European classicism. The process was not streamlined, and types of writing new to Russia gained momentum from the second half of the eighteenth century. The Part outlines the development of the notion of authorship and readership in relation to publishing, education, and friendship networks, which constituted the literary field under the patronage of Catherine II and outside court. The Part shows how literature explored newfound ideas of sensibility and subjectivity, developing, by the 1790s, a concomitant belief in the idea of genius typical of early Romanticism. Consistent with a larger Enlightenment context, eighteenth-century literature debated questions of cultural progress and national identity. The Part also shows a growing tension between the restrictive politics of the period and the confidence authors placed in literature as a mode of enquiry into enlightened absolutism.

Finding the Right Article Type for Your Scholarly Work in Pharmacy Education

Over the last eight years, a number of new article types have been made available to support scholarship in pharmacy education. This commentary aims to describe the evolution of the article types and a process for matching the phase of educational scholarship with available types. Success in publishing requires knowledge of the journals publishing education-related manuscripts, as well as the article types and their specifications. In order to determine the best fit for your manuscript, authors are encouraged to review each journal’s guidelines for the various article types. Creative Commons License: CC BY-NC Disclosures: The author is Executive Associate Editor for Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning and Editor for Innovations in Pharmacy with responsibility for the Education Section. Acknowledgements: The author thanks the Education Team of Innovations in Pharmacy including, Andrea Franks, Pharm.D., Katherine Kelley, Ph.D., Lara Kerwin, Pharm.D. , Claire Kolar, Pharm.D., Ph.D., and Michael Nelson, Ph.D., for their comments on an earlier version of this manuscript. Type: Commentary

Open Growth

Open source software (OSS) is well established in sectors as diverse as aviation, health, telecommunications, finance, publishing, education, and government. As nations increasingly rely on knowledge assets to grow, the adoption of OSS will have profound economic consequences. This chapter identifies the mechanisms inherent to OSS production that help fuel innovation in knowledge-based economies. As a collaborative and open production model, OSS is conceptualized as a prototype of open innovation. OSS-related software development jobs are widely diffused throughout the economy, help build a skilled labour force, and offer wages significantly above the national average. OSS is thus believed to be a strong contributor to growth in high-value employment in the US. The authors also posit that, as industries are exposed to the benefits of OSS as a result of the broad diffusion of OSS-related jobs, open innovation processes outside software development may be adopted through a process of learning and imitation.