Tangible symmetry elements and space-group models to guide from molecular to solid-state composition

The ability to imagine symmetry and the spatial arrangement of atoms and molecules is crucial in chemistry in general. Teaching and understanding crystallography and the composition of the solid state therefore require understanding of symmetry elements and their relationships. To foster the student's spatial imagination, models representing a range of concepts from individual rotation axes to complete space groups have been designed and built. These models are robust and large enough to be presented and operated in a lecture hall, and they enable students to translate conventional 2D notations into 3D objects and vice versa. Tackling them hands-on means understanding them.

Joint State Composition Theorems for Public-Key Encryption and Digital Signature Functionalities with Local Computation

In frameworks for universal composability, complex protocols can be built from sub-protocols in a modular way using composition theorems. However, as first pointed out and studied by Canetti and Rabin, this modular approach often leads to impractical implementations. For example, when using a functionality for digital signatures within a more complex protocol, parties have to generate new verification and signing keys for every session of the protocol. This motivates to generalize composition theorems to so-called joint state (composition) theorems, where different copies of a functionality may share some state, e.g., the same verification and signing keys. In this paper, we present a joint state theorem which is more general than the original theorem of Canetti and Rabin, for which several problems and limitations are pointed out. We apply our theorem to obtain joint state realizations for three functionalities: public-key encryption, replayable public-key encryption, and digital signatures. Unlike most other formulations, our functionalities model that ciphertexts and signatures are computed locally, rather than being provided by the adversary. To obtain the joint state realizations, the functionalities have to be designed carefully. Other formulations proposed in the literature are shown to be unsuitable. Our work is based on the IITM model. Our definitions and results demonstrate the expressivity and simplicity of this model. For example, unlike Canetti’s UC model, in the IITM model no explicit joint state operator needs to be defined and the joint state theorem follows immediately from the composition theorem in the IITM model.

Особенности структуры и свойств тонких пленок цирконата-титаната свинца с сильно неоднородным распределением состава по толщине

Two-layer thin lead zirconate titanate films in which the lead content differed by 20% were formed by radio-frequency magnetron deposition under variation of the working gas pressure. A comparative study of the phase state, composition, and dielectric properties of bilayer structures differing in the sequence of layers deposition has been carried out. It is shown that, depending on the order of the layers, the conditions of crystallization of the perovskite phase and the unipolar properties of the films change significantly.

The Hidden Variables Theory

The book presents a new conception on several physics topics. The initial values are non-relativistic quantities of subatomic particles which the values obtained in experiments are actually their relativistic reflection. The subjects in the book are presented in such order that each new topic is based on the development of its predecessor that explains where it stems from. The book presents methods of analyzing traditional physics concepts to extract hidden embedded information that reveals new variables which are combined with those known. The new formulas yield instant results that match experiments accurately. It presents discoveries like: The origin of electric charge of subatomic particle stem from its OAM. The electron's zero OAM at ground state, which is interpreted as the OAM is not necessarily a motion related is explained by the Schrödinger's Quantum Numbers obtained differently then solving the wave function! The electron's mass is expressing the square of its magnetic flux quantum. The proton, neutron and all baryons consist of three energy levels on which the quarks are orbiting. The third energy level of 80.5 GEV plays a major role at the weak decaying force while it host charged mesons that are emitted out thru a W boson that acquires the level's energy. Baryons beyond the proton and neutron are a composition of a down and up quarks at the first and second energy levels, plus quarks in a bound state composition of charged bosons positioned at their third energy level, hence bypassing the Pauli Exclusion Principle restriction. The OAM of the orbiting quarks are a third or two thirds of the reduced Planck constant. The proton's missing spin stems from the contributions of the quark's OAM. The Electron is a bound state composition of negative Pi meson and electron's neutrino. Electrons in confined space are going through a process named "spin-charge separation", validated by an experiment conducted at Cambridge and Birmingham universities.

The Hidden Variables Theory

The book presents a new conception on several physics topics. The initial values are non-relativistic quantities of subatomic particles which the values obtained in experiments are actually their relativistic reflection. The subjects in the book are presented in such order that each new topic is based on the development of its predecessor that explains where it stems from. The book presents methods of analyzing traditional physics concepts to extract hidden embedded information that reveals new variables which are combined with those known. The new formulas yield instant results that match experiments accurately. It presents discoveries like: The origin of electric charge of subatomic particle stem from its OAM. The electron's zero OAM at ground state, which is interpreted as the OAM is not necessarily a motion related is explained by the Schrödinger's Quantum Numbers obtained differently then solving the wave function! The electron's mass is expressing the square of its magnetic flux quantum. The proton, neutron and all baryons consist of three energy levels on which the quarks are orbiting. The third energy level of 80.5 GEV plays a major role at the weak decaying force while it host charged mesons that are emitted out thru a W boson that acquires the level's energy. Baryons beyond the proton and neutron are a composition of a down and up quarks at the first and second energy levels, plus quarks in a bound state composition of charged bosons positioned at their third energy level, hence bypassing the Pauli Exclusion Principle restriction. The OAM of the orbiting quarks are a third or two thirds of the reduced Planck constant. The proton's missing spin stems from the contributions of the quark's OAM. The Electron is a bound state composition of negative Pi meson and electron's neutrino. Electrons in confined space are going through a process named "spin-charge separation", validated by an experiment conducted at Cambridge and Birmingham universities.

The Hidden Variables Theory

The book presents a new conception on several physics topics. The initial values are non-relativistic quantities of subatomic particles which the values obtained in experiments are actually their relativistic reflection. The subjects in the book are presented in such order that each new topic is based on the development of its predecessor that explains where it stems from. The book presents methods of analyzing traditional physics concepts to extract hidden embedded information that reveals new variables which are combined with those known. The new formulas yield instant results that match experiments accurately. It presents discoveries like: The origin of electric charge of subatomic particle stem from its OAM. The electron's zero OAM at ground state, which is interpreted as the OAM is not necessarily a motion related is explained by the Schrödinger's Quantum Numbers obtained differently then solving the wave function! The electron's mass is expressing the square of its magnetic flux quantum. The proton, neutron and all baryons consist of three energy levels on which the quarks are orbiting. The third energy level of 80.5 GEV plays a major role at the weak decaying force while it host charged mesons that are emitted out thru a W boson that acquires the level's energy. Baryons beyond the proton and neutron are a composition of a down and up quarks at the first and second energy levels, plus quarks in a bound state composition of charged bosons positioned at their third energy level, hence bypassing the Pauli Exclusion Principle restriction. The OAM of the orbiting quarks are a third or two thirds of the reduced Planck constant. The proton's missing spin stems from the contributions of the quark's OAM. The Electron is a bound state composition of negative Pi meson and electron's neutrino. Electrons in confined space are going through a process named "spin-charge separation", validated by an experiment conducted at Cambridge and Birmingham universities.

The Microbiome and Tuberculosis: Early Evidence for Cross Talk

ABSTRACT Tuberculosis (TB) is an ancient infectious disease of humans that has been extensively studied both clinically and experimentally. Although susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is clearly influenced by factors such as nutrition, immune status, and both mycobacterial and host genetics, the variable pathogenesis of TB in infected individuals remains poorly understood. During the past two decades, it has become clear that the microbiota—the trillion organisms that reside at mucosal surfaces within and on the body—can exert a major influence on disease outcome through its effects on host innate and adaptive immune function and metabolism. This new recognition of the potentially pleiotropic participation of the microbiome in immune responses has raised the possibility that the microbiota may influence M. tuberculosis infection and/or disease. Similarly, treatment of TB may alter the healthy steady-state composition and function of the microbiome, possibly affecting treatment outcome in addition to other host physiological parameters. Herein, we review emerging evidence for how the microbiota may influence the transition points in the life cycle of TB infection, including (i) resistance to initial infection, (ii) initial infection to latent tuberculosis (LTBI), (iii) LTBI to reactivated disease, and (iv) treatment to cure. A major goal of this review is to frame questions to guide future scientific and clinical studies in this largely unexplored but increasingly important area of TB research.

The Hidden Variables Theory

The book presents a new conception on several physics topics. The initial values are non-relativistic quantities of subatomic particles which the values obtained in experiments are actually their relativistic reflection. The subjects in the book are presented in such order that each new topic is based on the development of its predecessor that explains where it stems from. The book presents methods of analyzing traditional physics concepts to extract hidden embedded information that reveals new variables which are combined with those known. The new formulas yield instant results that match experiments accurately. It presents discoveries like: The origin of electric charge of subatomic particle stem from its OAM. The electron's zero OAM at ground state, which is interpreted as the OAM is not necessarily a motion related is explained by the Schrödinger's Quantum Numbers obtained differently then solving the wave function! The electron's mass is expressing the square of its magnetic flux quantum. The proton, neutron and all baryons consist of three energy levels on which the quarks are orbiting. The third energy level of 80.5 GEV plays a major role at the weak decaying force while it host charged mesons that are emitted out thru a W boson that acquires the level's energy. Baryons beyond the proton and neutron are a composition of a down and up quarks at the first and second energy levels, plus quarks in a bound state composition of charged bosons positioned at their third energy level, hence bypassing the Pauli Exclusion Principle restriction. The OAM of the orbiting quarks are a third or two thirds of the reduced Planck constant. The proton's missing spin stems from the contributions of the quark's OAM. The Electron is a bound state composition of negative Pi meson and electron's neutrino. Electrons in confined space are going through a process named "spin-charge separation", validated by an experiment conducted at Cambridge and Birmingham universities.