Impact of anthropogenic activity on the chemical regime of underground waters

The article is dedicated to definition of the tendency to change and pattern of formation of the chemical regime of underground waters in the Turyanchay-Girdimanchay interfluve in the Shirvan steppe, Azerbaijan as a result of anthropogenic activity. The subsoil waters studied are spread in the zone between the Turyanchay and Girdimanchay rivers. From 1930 to 2019 based on analysis of the observation of the chemical regime of subsoil waters, the natural regime of the groundwaters in the studied area strongly changed as a result of irrigation and construction works. In 1930 the average mineralization degree of subsoil waters was 26.8 gram/liter in the zone. The level of subsoil waters approaches the surface and is exposed to strong evaporation as a result of irrigation and filtration of waters from irrigation channels. Consequently, the mineralization rate of subsoil waters increased and mass secondary salinization process occurred in the irrigated lands. The average mineralization degree of subsoil waters was 33.6–34.5 gram/liter in the research zone in the 1960s-1970s. Collector-drainage networks were built and basic washing of soils is carried out in order the prevent secondary salinization and regulate the level of subsoil waters. After the 1970s the mineralization rate of subsoil waters began to decrease due to basic washing, intensive irrigation and the activity of the collector-drainage network.The average mineralization degree decreased to 15.1 gram/liter. The mineralization degree of the water in the Main Shirvan Collector which takes subsoil waters formed in the zone with 253,000 hectares and which discaharges them into the Caspian Sea decreased more than 3 times in comparison with 1995. At present the mineralization degree of collector water is 1.8–2.5 gram/liter while its mineralization degree was 8.81 gram/liter in 1995. Formation of the process in a favourable direction enchances the potential of using collector water for irrigation, technical and other purposes and creates a basis for elimination of water deficiency in drought years. The research shows that anthropogenic activity mainly plays an important role in formation of the chemical regime of subsoil waters.

Location Depth and Mineralization Change of Ground Waters in Irrigated Meadow-Grey Soils of the Salyan Plain

The article presents thorough information about the results of the research in the irrigated meadowgrey soils of the area where the grain was planted in the Salyan plain. The research shows that strong differences between the subsoil waters mineralization and change of their location levels were not observed in the experimental area in 2015–2018. However, in 2015 the location levels of subsoil waters changed by 2.40–2.55 m, their mineralization was – 1.244 – 2.577 q/l. These indicators changed to 2.40–2.60 m and 1.210–2.430 d/l in 2016; 2.50–2.55 m and 1.030–2.320 g/l in 2017; 2.45–2.55 m and 1.183 – 2.159 g/l in 2018. During the research the author studied the waters of Akusha canal, water-collector and drains which are used with the purpose of irrigation. It has been determined that their mineralization was 0.81 g/l, 6.663 g/l and 4.834–5.242 g/l in 2015. These indicators changed as follows: 0.675 g/l; 6.003 g/l and 4.651–4.823 g/l in 2016; 0.612 g/l; 5.872 g/l and 4.731–4.602 g/l in 2017 and 0.578 g/l; 5.752 g/l and 4.651–4.513 g/l in 2018. The agromeliorative measures have been offered for the purpose of subsoil waters decrease and their mineralization increase in the same zone taking into account all the indicators.

REGARDING THE DISCUSSION ABOUT THE COEXISTENCE OF PEOPLE’S AND OTHER FORMS OF OWNERSHIP ON NATURAL OBJECTS

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the author’s approach to solving the problemof coexistence of people’s, state, municipal and private property and to formulate propositions forimproving normative and legal regulation of ownership on natural objects.Methods. The research methodology consists of such methods of scientific cognition as systemand structural, comparative and legal, formal and legal, interpretation, deduction, induction,analysis, synthesis, etc.Results. The author has combined in the first part of the article the existing scientific approacheson understanding the rights of ownership of the people of Ukraine into two concepts and has calledthem the denial concept of people’s property and the recognition concept of people’s property. Theauthor has distinguished two main areas within each of them, where certain variations of themain idea of the concept correspond each of them. The author has placed a special attention onsubstantiating the non-viability of the denial concept of people’s property, since it contradictsthe current legislation and the theory of law. The author has argued that, contrary to the denialconcept of people’s property, the people of Ukraine are a legal category, a subject of law anda subject of the right of ownership; representative democracy does not deprive the people ofUkraine of the status of the holder of rights, assumptions about the inexpediency of the existenceof people’s property is questionable, and arbitrary interpretation of the Constitution of Ukraineand its figural understanding is inadmissible. The author believes that the existence of the denialconcept is due to both the problems of normative legal regulation and insufficiently seriousattitude and perception by the people as a source of power and a subject of law.The author has studied specific features and shortcomings of legal regulation of the right ofpeople’s ownership on natural objects and has formulated propositions for its improvement in thesecond part of the article. The author has substantiated the way to solve the problem of coexistenceof the people’s ownership on natural objects with other forms of ownership.Conclusions. The author has concluded that the objects of the right of ownership of the people arecertain categories of lands (including lands of nature reserve fund) and forests of the highest value,subsoil, waters, open air, are defined in the law as fauna and plants (growing on lands of people’sownership). They are set aside from the objects that may be owned by other entities, according to the criterion of value, significance and category of natural objects. However, their normativeand legal regulation needs to be improved, namely the conflicts, gaps and non-compliance withthe Constitution of Ukraine admitted in regulatory legal acts must be corrected. The provisions ofthe Articles 13–14 of the Constitution of Ukraine should be also brought into accord, since theirambiguity, possibility of double interpretation and inconsistency of presentation contradict therules of rule-making techniques, create obstacles to realize the rights and freedoms of citizens andcause different practices of application of regulations.

On the Matter of Reservoirs’ Liquidation and Successive Reclamation of their Bed and Coastal Stripe. Statement 4. Calculation of Processes of Subsoil Waters Drawdown within Sides of Reservoirs to Be Liquidated

The main methods of calculation of the drawdown time of subsoil waters and groundwater within sides of the reservoirs to be liquidated. They enable to estimate the time of groundwater runoff impact upon dried bottom sediments.

Restoration of the Catchment Hydrographic Network as the Main Method of Struggle with Watershed Swamping

The paper emphasized the necessity of measures on struggle with swamping of agricultural and forest lands of the Western-Siberian Plain via cleaning of the hydrographic network close to bogs. This will provide timely discharge of excessive waters from wetlands, and will decrease the subsoil waters level. Advantages of this approach in comparison with the traditional drainage methods have been shown as well. To substantiate the proposed approach the original hydrological assessment of the swamping causes is being presented.