Hydrochemical Approach to Groundwater in the Environment of the Public Discharge of Lake Mbeubeuss (Dakar, Senegal)

To determine the origin and the processes of groundwater mineralization in the Mbeubeuss lake area, the major ion concentrations of the groundwater were compared to those of the rainwaters which constitute the input function of the aquifer of the Quaternary sands in the area of lake Mbeubeuss. The physico-chemistry of groundwater near the public discharge and its surroundings, has shown that the true value of the electrical conductivity of waters are around 2000 µS/cm. Values of electrical conductivity greater than 2000 µS/cm would represent the particular mineralization of ground waters by the public discharge of lake Mbeubeuss. The chemical facies of ground waters are dominated by the sodium and potassium chloride and calcium chloride facies. The study of the relationship between the major chemical elements and the chloride ion and the representation in the modified Chadha diagram of the chemical analyzes of ground waters from the campaigns of July 1998, July 2002 and March 2003, made it possible to highlight the different sources and processes controlling the mineralization of ground waters in the Mbeubeuss Lake area. Despite the proximity to the sea which suggests a considerable contribution of salts by aerosols and sea spray, the mineralization of ground waters in the area of lake Mbeubeuss is largely due to leachate from household waste and the influence of old sediments of the dry lake Mbeubeuss. The main processes controlling the mineralization of ground waters are marine contributions (aerosols and sea spray), dissolution-precipitation of minerals from the aquifer matrix, atmospheric CO2 diffusion, base exchanges, dilution-concentration and anthropogenic pollution.

Assessment of the influence of the Viriva granite quarry on the condition of the surface and ground waters within the Vyry village

Analyzed the results of their own research to assess the impact of the Vyrovsky granite quarry on the state of surface and ground waters within the village of Vyry, Sarny district, Rivne region of Ukraine. Research methods: hydrogeological, sanitary-chemical, analytical. It has been established that the technological process of extracting granite and producing construction crushed stone does not involve the use of a large amount of water. Pit water is used as process water without additional intake of surface or groundwater. The main problems during the exploitation of the car, which are found on the enterprises, are connected with water. The stench is overwhelmed by the surging of ground and surface waters and the need for input for the safety of normal minds of their exploitation. Significant watering of the area's surface is due to the abundance of atmospheric precipitation, relatively flat relief, the presence of a small thickness of sedimentary rocks covering the crystalline massifs. So, the chemical and biological pollution of the river. The extraction by quarry waters does not occur, since the results of laboratory studies of the quarry water did not show its contamination. In general, the Vyrovsky granite quarry does not affect the volume of the river flow. Alignment, for a long time of operation of the Vyrovsky granite quarry, the groundwater levels of the aquifer have already been established and currently remain relatively stable. Further development of the open pit area will not affect the lowering of the groundwater level within the village. Vyry. Decrease in water levels in wells and wells within the village. Vyry in recent years (2015-2020) is associated with climatic changes, which led to a decrease in precipitation, an increase in temperature and evaporation and, as a consequence, a very low water content in rivers practically throughout Ukraine.

Numerical Modeling of Self-Consistent Dynamics of Shallow and Ground Waters

A mathematical and numerical model of the joint dynamics of shallow and ground waters has been built, which takes into account the nonlinear dynamics of a liquid, water absorption from the surface into the ground, filtration currents in the ground, and water seepage from the ground back to the surface. The dynamics of shallow waters is described by the Saint-Venant equations, taking into account the spatially inhomogeneous distributions of the terrain, the coefficients of bottom friction and infiltration, as well as non-stationary sources and flows of water. For the numerical integration of Saint-Venant’s equations, the well-tested CSPH-TVD method of the second order of accuracy is used, the parallel CUDA algorithm of which is implemented as a software package “EcoGIS-Simulation” for high-performance computing on supercomputers with graphic coprocessors (GPU). The dynamics of groundwater is described by the nonlinear Bussensk equation, generalized to the case of a spatially inhomogeneous distribution of the parameters of the porous medium and the surface of the aquiclude (the boundary between water-permeable and low-permeable soils). The numerical solution of this equation is built on the basis of a finite-difference scheme of the second order of accuracy, the CUDA algorithm of which is integrated into the calculation module of the “EcoGIS-Simulation” software package and is consistent with the main stages of the CSPH-TVD method. The relative deviation of the numerical solution from the exact solution of the nonlinear Boussinesq equation does not exceed 10−4–10−5. The paper compares the results of numerical modeling of the dynamics of groundwater with analytical solutions of the linearized Bussensk equation used as calculation formulas in the methods for predicting the level of groundwater in the vicinity of water bodies. It is shown that the error of these methods is several percent even for the simplest case of a plane-parallel flow of groundwater with a constant backwater. Based on the results obtained, it was concluded that the proposed method for numerical modeling of the joint dynamics of surface and ground waters can be more versatile and efficient (it has significantly better accuracy and productivity) in comparison with the existing methods for calculating flooding zones, especially for hydrodynamic flows with complex geometry and nonlinear interaction of counter fluid flows arising during seasonal floods during flooding of vast land areas.

Determination of Background Concentrations of Ag, Pd, Pt and Au in Highly Mineralized Ground Waters at Sub-ng L–1 Concentrations by Online Matrix Separation/Pre-Concentration Coupled to ICP-SFMS

Though not regulated in directives such as the Water Framework Directive of the European Union, the investigation of geogenic background concentrations of certain elements such as precious metals is of increasing interest, in particular for the early detection of a potential environmental pollution due to the increased use in various industrial and technological applications and in medicine. However, the precise and accurate quantification of precious metals in natural waters is challenging due to the complex matrices and the ultra-low concentrations in the (sub-) ng L−1 range. A methodological approach, based on matrix separation and pre-concentration on the strong anion exchange resin TEVA® Resin in an online mode directly coupled to ICP-SFMS, has been developed for the determination of Ag, Pt, Pd and Au in ground water. Membrane desolvation sample introduction was used to reduce oxide-based spectral interferences, which complicate the quantification of these metals with high accuracy. To overcome errors arising from matrix effects—in particular, the highly varying major ion composition of the investigated ground water samples—an isotope dilution analysis and quantification based on standard additions, respectively, were performed. The method allowed to process four samples per hour in a fully automated mode. With a sample volume of only 8 mL, enrichment factors of 6–9 could be achieved, yielding detection limits <1 ng L−1. Validation of the trueness was performed based on the reference samples. This method has been used for the analysis of the total concentrations of Ag, Pt, Pd and Au in highly mineralized ground waters collected from springs located in important geological fault zones of Austria’s territory. Concentrations ranges of 0.21–64.2 ng L−1 for Ag, 0.65–6.26 ng L−1 for Pd, 0.07–1.55 ng L−1 for Pt and 0.26–1.95 ng L−1 for Au were found.

MONITORING OF TRITIUM POLLUTION OF THE SHAGAN RIVER WATERS

The article presents the results of monitoring the waters of the Shagan river on the change in the specific activity of tritium for 2016–2020. The Shagan river is the longest surface watercourse on the territory of the Semipalatinsk Test Site, flowing along the eastern part of the Balapan site, where, together with the tributary, the Ashisu, flows into the “Atomic Lake”. Further, at a distance of 110 km downstream, the river forms a left-bank tributary of the Irtysh river. Previous studies have revealed and repeatedly confirmed the fact of radioactive contamination of the surface and ground waters of the Shagan river technogenic radionuclide 3H. It was revealed that the main source of pollution is groundwater entering the surface waters of the river. In this regard, in order to ensure long-term monitoring of 3H pollution of river waters, seasonal monitoring was carried out in three sections of the river located along its channel, starting from the outlet from the “Atomic Lake” heap and further downstream to the confluence with the Irtysh river.As a result of the observations, it was found that the specific activity of 3H in surface and ground waters, depending on the observation time, varies in a wide range of values. So, in the area of maximum pollution, the content of 3H changes from the minimum – 8 Bq/kg in the spring, to the maximum 370 000 Bq/kg in the summer-autumn period. At the exit points of the Shagan river outside the landfill, the concentration of 3H varies from 90 Bq/kg to 12 400 Bq/kg. In the area of the confluence of the Shagan river in Irtysh river content of 3H does not exceed 110 Bq/kg.

Prospects of cleaning filtrates by aerobic-reagent method on the example of Lviv region

In 2021, the situation with the collecting, processing and disposal of waste in general, solid waste in particular, remains difficult in Ukraine and needs to be solved immediately. Soil contamination, as well as contamination of surface and ground waters by filtration effluents (or filtrates), is one of the most dangerous consequences of non-regulatory disposal of solid household waste.

HYDROCHEMICAL INDICATORS OF NATURAL WATERS IN THE BOLSHEKHETSIR NATURE RESERVE (KHABAROVSK TERRITORY)

The paper presents data on the chemical composition of surface and ground waters in the Bolshekhetsir nature reserve in different phases of the water regime in 2017. An assessment of the state of waters is given.

A Study on Distribution of Water Quality Parameters in Potable/Ground Waters of Visakhapatnam Coastal Region with Multivariate Factor Analysis

Chemical components of the earth crust influence the ground water quality. In addition, anthropogenic activities also contribute in deteriorating the quality of ground waters and contaminate the water sources. In present study, 22 water samples were collected from the potable/ground water sources in south coastal region of Visakhapatnam district, India during pre- and post-monsoon seasons and characterized for physico-chemical parameters viz., pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), salinity, oxidation reduction potential (ORP), dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature, total hardness (TH), total alkalinity (TA), bicarbonate, carbonate, chloride, fluoride, sulphate, nitrate, phosphate, calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium. The distribution of parameters was explained by Box-Whisker plot. Further Piper diagrams were drawn to identify the geochemical expressions between the parameters. Multivariate factor analysis was used to assess the degree of factor loadings and to identify the group of parameters influencing the variance of different water quality parameters. The analytical data indicated that majority of water samples in the study area have higher concentration of TDS, TH, TA, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, Cl−, HCO3 − and F−.

ECOSYSTEM FOR RECYCLING ORGANIC WASTE OF LIVESTOCK

Проблема и цель. Перспективным энергоносителем, потенциал которого в полной мере можно использовать лишь при обеспечении допустимого уровня его санитарно-эпидемиологической безопасности, является бесподстилочный навоз. В зависимости от природно-климатических условий, технологии содержания животных и способа удаления его агрохимические свойства могут существенно отличаться. Поэтому важным критерием энергетически и экологически эффективной утилизации является понимание направления дальнейшего использования. Целью данного исследования является разработка методики оценки потенциала органических отходов животновдства как эффективного энергоносителя. Методология. Приведена классификация типов органических отходов животноводства в зависимости от направлений их утилизации. Произведена оценка среднегодового объёма образуемого навоза, на основании которой сформулированы основные параметры энергетически эффективной их утилизации: удельные затраты на сбор, транспортировку и внесение отходов, МДж; удельные затраты на обеззараживание, МДж; энергетический потенциал, характеризующий отношение валовой и обменной энергии энергоносителя, МДж; биоэнергетический кпд, определяющий пролонгированность агрохимического эффекта к использованному потенциалу внесённого удобрения в течение 3-5 лет в соответствии с севооборотом, природно-климатическими и агрохимическими условиями. Результаты. Представлена модель взаимодействия животноводческих комплексов с атмосферой, почвой, поверхностными и грунтовыми водами в виде экосистемы, позволяющей оценить основные категории элементов, взаимодействующих с окружающей средой на всех этапах утилизации бесподстилочного навоза. Основными элементами, выбрасываемыми в атмосферу при утилизации свиного бесподстилочного навоза, являются: аммиак NH3, оксид азота N2O, метан CH4, оксид углерода CO2; в почву, поверхностные и грунтовые воды: оксид фосфора P2O5, соли азотной кислоты в виде нитрат анионов NO3-, сульфатредукторы, а также патогенные формы колониеобразующих единиц (КОЕ) общих колиформных бактерий (ОКБ), бляшкообразующих единиц (БОЕ), термотолерантных колиформных бактерий (ТТКБ), фекальных стрептококков (ФКСТК). Доказано, что наиболее существенной операцией, определяющей уровень санитарно-эпидемиологической безопасности утилизируемого органического материала, является его обеззараживание. Заключение. Наибольшую экологическую нагрузку и патогенность представляют жидкие отходы свиноводства при бесподстилочном содержании животных. Соответственно, важным фактором, определяющим безопасность экосистемы утилизации органических отходов животноводства, является определение оптимальных параметров их обеззараживания. Problem and purpose. Liquid manure is a promising energy carrier, the potential of which can be fully used only if the acceptable level of its sanitary and epidemiological safety is ensured. Depending on the natural and climatic conditions, the technology of keeping animals and the method of disposal, its agrochemical properties can difer signifcantly. Therefore, an important criterion for energy and environmentally efcient disposal is understanding the direction of further use. The purpose of this study is to develop a methodology for assessing the potential of organic waste from animal husbandry as an efective energy source. Methodology. The classifcation of types of organic waste from animal husbandry, depending on the directions of their utilization, is given. An assessment of the average annual volume of manure generated was made, on the basis of which the main parameters of their energy-efcient utilization were formulated: unit costs for collection, transportation and introduction of waste, MJ; unit costs for disinfection, MJ; energy potential, which characterizes the ratio of gross and exchangeable energy of an energy carrier, MJ; bioenergetic efciency, which determines the prolongation of the agrochemical efect to the used potential of the applied fertilizer for 3-5 years in accordance with the crop rotation, climatic and agrochemical conditions. Results. A model of the interaction of livestock breeding complexes with the atmosphere, soil, surface and ground waters in the form of an ecosystem is presented, which makes it possible to assess the main categories of elements interacting with the environment at all stages of the disposal of liquid manure. The main elements emitted into the atmosphere during the utilization of liquid pig manure are: ammonia NH3, nitrogen oxide N2O, methane CH4, carbon monoxide CO2; into soil, surface and ground waters: phosphorus oxide P2O5, nitric acid salts in the form of nitrate anions NO3-, sulfate reducers, as well as pathogenic forms of colony-forming units (CFU) of total coliform bacteria (TCB), plaque-forming units (PFU), thermotolerant coliform bacteria (TTCB), fecal streptococci (FCSTC). It has been proven that the most essential operation that determines the level of sanitary and epidemiological safety of utilized organic material is its disinfection. Conclusion. The greatest environmental load and pathogenicity are caused by liquid waste from pig breeding with liquid keeping of animals. Accordingly, an important factor determining the safety of the ecosystem for the utilization of organic waste from animal husbandry is the determination of the optimal parameters for their disinfection