Studying and mapping the soils of the southern part Sea of Okhotsk sector of the Kunashir island, Kuril islands

The paper deals with compilation of a large-scale soil map for the site of “Kurilsky” nature reserve, located in the southern part of Kunashir island, the Greater Kuril ridge. The islands make a remote and poorly studied area, and the soil is one of the least examined components of the local geosystems. The zonal soils here are cambisoil, but the variety of soil-forming processes characteristic of the island provides a comparative diversity of the cover. Modern volcanism affects the formation process significantly, although its role is sometimes overestimated. The study is based on field surveys performed in the considered area in 2014–2019, during which descriptions of soils were compiled according to standard methods. The map was compiled using a multispectral image of high spatial resolution from the Pleiades-1B satellite and topographic maps. Thus, the abundance of soils from different levels and divisions does not make a significant effect on the general heterogeneity of the territory soil cover due to the small area of intrazonal soils.

The tsunami energy radiation directivity on the example of the 1994, 2006 and 2007 events

<p>Determining the tsunami source danger is currently one of the most urgent tasks. The vast majority of recorded tsunamis are of seismic origin. Part of the energy released during an earthquake passes into the energy of the initial tsunami source. The tsunami excitation efficiency depends on a number of factors: the depth of the sea above the source and its location relative to the coast and continental slope; the shape and area of residual post-seismic bottom displacements, as well as the bottom relief directly in the zone of the seismic source; inhomogeneities of the ocean floor relief along the path of tsunami propagation (for estimating wave heights in the zone farthest from the source); time inhomogeneities of tsunami wave radiation from the source zone; non-isotropy of the tsunami radiation spectrum.</p><p>To study the tsunami source efficiency, we considered three tsunamis in the Kuril ridge region: the Shikotan tsunami of 1994, and two Simushir tsunamis of 2006 and 2007. The choice of events was largely determined by the close geographical location – all of them belong to the Kuril-Kamchatka subduction zone. Also, these events are well studied, and there is quite a large amount of data on tsunami measurements onshore and in the deep ocean. At the same time, all three sources differ in the mechanisms of the seismic focus and location relative to the coast and the continental slope.</p><p>We analyzed the tsunami wave field for three events near the Russian Pacific coast. Tsunami energy flow calculations show that frontal energy flow is mainly directed to the southeast. The flux magnitude decreases with distance from the source as a result of geometric divergence and scattering. At longer distances, the effect of refraction becomes more significant – the flow is divided into separate rays due to the focusing on the irregular bottom relief.</p><p>The radiation patterns of each source that also were created show the part of wave energy that penetrated the Sea of Okhotsk through the Kuril Straits. It is easy to indicate the effect of the capture of tsunami waves by the shelf and the formation of edge waves that carry the wave energy away from the source area along the Kuril Ridge shelf. For 2006 and 2007 events a relatively small part of the wave energy went into the captured waves, but for 1994 the initial sea surface displacement area was in the shelf zone and a significant part of the energy was transferred to the captured edge waves, radiated mainly in the northeast direction.</p>

БЕРЕГОВЫЕ ВОДОПАДЫ КУРИЛЬСКИХ ОСТРОВОВ КАК ОБЪЕКТ ТУРИЗМА

Водопады Курильских островов представляют большой интерес с точки зрения туризма, и особенно все большей популярностью пользуется туризм береговых зон. Береговая линия Курил весьма изрезана, в ее пределах встречается множество интересных объектов, в том числе и водопады. Курилы можно справедливо назвать краем водопадов. На этих островах их более 300, и каждый год открываются все новые. Почти на каждом острове Курильской гряды можно найти летящую воду . Большой вклад в изучение водопадов Сахалинской области внес ученый и путешественник Андрей Клитин. Он обошел пешком крупнейшие острова Курильской гряды Кунашир, Итуруп, Уруп, Симушир, Онекотан и Парамушир, открыл и нанес на карту множество новых водопадов, составил точное описание своих маршрутов. Его описания до сих пор берутся за основу путешественниками. К этим водопадам можно добавить также водопады, самостоятельно обнаруженные автором, и пока не обозначенные на карте. С помощью электронного ресурса Google Earth автором обнаружены новые водопады на овах Шиашкотан, Расшуа, тихоокеанской стороне овов Симушир и Онекотан. Эти открытия , безусловно, требуют полевого подтверждения. В статье предлагается разработка нескольких водопадных береговых маршрутов, продолжительностью 12 дня, по островам Кунашир, Итуруп, Уруп, Онекотан и Парамушир.The waterfalls of the Kuril Islands are of great interest from the point of view of tourism, especially the increasing popularity of tourism on coastal zones. The coastline of the Kuril Islands is highly indented. It is found a lot of interesting objects, including waterfalls. The Kuril Islands rightly can be called the land of waterfalls. On these Islands more than 300, and every year discover the new waterfalls. Almost every island of the Kuril ridge it is possible to find waterfalls. A great contribution to the study of waterfalls Sakhalin region has made scientist and traveler Andrey Klitin. He went to the largest of the Kuril Islands Kunashir, Iturup, Urup, Simushir, Onekotan and Paramushir, discovered and mapped many new waterfalls, was an accurate description of himself routes. His descriptions still are the foundation by the travelers. To these waterfalls, you can also add waterfalls, independently discovered, and it is not marked on the map. Using the eresource Google Earth were found by the author a new waterfalls on the Islands of Shiashkotan, Rasshua, Pacific side of the Islands Simushir and Onekotan. These discoveries, of course, require experimental confirmation. The article proposes the elaboration of several waterfall coastal trails, lasting 12 days, to the Islands of Iturup, Kunashir, Urup, Paramushir and Onekotan.