Dynamics of Implementation of SDG 7 Targets in EU Member States 5 Years after the Adoption of the Paris Agreement

The European Union, by adopting the European Green Deal, aims at an extremely ambitious goal to become climate neutral by 2050. This objective implies a massive investment plan to reduce disparities between EU Member States and to support their transformation efforts in order to reshape the Union into a modern, resource-efficient and competitive economy. The objective of this paper is to analyze the dynamics of implementation of SDG 7 targets in EU Member States 5 years after the adoption of the Paris Agreement. Using hierarchical clustering analysis to reveal hidden associative structures, EU countries were grouped in 2015 and 2019 based on Eurostat data in order to identify and analyze key characteristics, but also to evaluate their evolution over time. The results of this research revealed clusters of high-performing countries, as well as countries that require increased attention and support to ease the transition to a greener economy. If in 2015 the cluster of the best performing countries consisted of four EU countries, in 2019, their number increased to eight EU countries, simultaneously with an improvement of the indicators, proving a real concern and involvement regarding the achievement of SDG 7 targets.

Notes on three-pass protocol

The article discusses primitive, linear three-pass protocols, as well as three-pass protocols on associative structures. The linear three-pass protocols over finite fields and the three-pass protocols based on matrix algebras are shown to be cryptographically weak.

Unification Theories: Means and Generalized Euler Formulas

The main concepts in this paper are the means and Euler type formulas; the generalized mean which incorporates the harmonic mean, the geometric mean, the arithmetic mean, and the quadratic mean can be further generalized. Results on the Euler’s formula, the (modified) Yang–Baxter equation, coalgebra structures, and non-associative structures are also included in the current paper.

On Jordan Algebras and Some Unification Results

This paper is based on a talk given at the 14-th International Workshop on Differential Geometry and Its Applications, hosted by the Petroleum Gas University from Ploiesti, between July 9-th and July 11-th, 2019. After presenting some historical facts, we will consider some geometry problems related to unification approaches. Jordan algebras and Lie algebras are the main non-associative structures. Attempts to unify non-associative algebras and associative algebras led to UJLA structures. Another algebraic structure which unifies non-associative algebras and associative algebras is the Yang-Baxter equation. We will review topics relared to the Yang-Baxter equation and Yang-Baxter systems, with the goal to unify constructions from Differential Geometry.

Application of non-associative structures for construction of homomorphic cryptosystems

Гомоморфное шифрование позволяет выполнять некоторые математические преобразования с шифрованным текстом, в результате которых получается шифрованный текст, соответствующий результату выполнения заданного преобразования открытого текста. Известны так называемые полностью гомоморфные и частично гомоморфные шифрсистемы, различающиеся количеством допустимых для выполнения преобразований. Для построения подобных шифрсистем необходимо иметь гомоморфизм относительно хотя бы одной из выполняемых операций. В работе с использованием неассоциативных операций и системы Эль-Гамаля построен пример шифрсистемы, гомоморфной относительно двух выполняемых операций: групповой и квазигрупповой.

A comparison of collocations and word associations in Estonian from the perspective of parts of speech

The paper provides a comparative study of the collocational and associative structures in Estonian with respect to the role of parts of speech. The lists of collocations and associations of an equal set of nouns, verbs and adjectives, originating from the respective dictionaries, is analysed to find both the range of coincidences and differences. The results show a moderate overlap, among which the biggest overlap occurs in the range of the adjectival associates and collocates. There is an overall prevalence for nouns appearing among the associated and collocated items. The coincidental sets of relations are tentatively explained by the influence of grammatical relations i.e. the patterns of local grammar binding together the collocations and motivating the associations. The results are discussed with respect to the possible reasons causing the associations-collocations mismatch and in relation to the application of these findings in the fields of lexicography and second language acquisition.

Non-Associative Structures and Other Related Structures

In January 2019, MDPI published a book titled Hopf Algebras, Quantum Groups and Yang–Baxter Equations, based on a successful special issue [...]