Employment equity and access to social welfare for Illegalized immigrants: an inclusive approach that also makes economic sense

The global English-language literature on the effects of illegalized migrants on the labour market is heavily influenced by American studies. While many studies have examined the lived experiences of illegalized immigrants in general, comparatively few have examined the effect of illegalized immigrants on labour markets in a Canadian and European context. The literature review reveals four main findings: 1. Increasingly restrictive policies towards immigrants and employers have adversely affected illegalized immigrants’ labour market outcomes during the past three decades. 2. Illegalized immigrants have positively affected the earnings of native-born skilled workers and negatively affect the earnings of native-born unskilled workers. The effect of illegalized immigrants on the employment rates of native-borns has been negligible. 3. Illegalized immigrants have positively affected the national-level social welfare system. The findings for illegalized immigrants’ effects on state/provincial and local-level social welfare systems are mixed. 4. Organizations have benefitted from employing illegalized immigrants whose illegality renders them vulnerable to exploitation and unable to make demands for equitable remuneration. While a direct link between increasingly restrictive policies towards immigrants, their labour market outcomes, and their utilization of social welfare systems has not yet been examined in Canada, findings from the U.S. and several European countries can inform recommendations that may be useful for industrialized countries. First, findings from these studies indicate that all levels of government should work together to create policies that include illegalized immigrants as equal members of society, rather than maintain the current system(s) that illegalizes them. This includes providing illegalized immigrants with equitable access to social welfare at federal, state/provincial, and municipal levels. Various Solidarity City movements in Canada, the U.S., and Europe could be examined, and the best practices applied to state/provincial and federal levels to begin this process. Second, all levels of government should work together to create a policy framework that mandates employers to provide equitable remuneration to illegalized immigrants. This policy should also hold employers accountable for achieving these goals. Canada's current Employment Equity Act (1995) and various state/provincial level Equality & Human Rights Legislations could be amended to protect illegalized immigrants from exploitation. Third, until illegalized immigrants are no longer exploited based on their illegality, all levels of government should fund community-based organizations to provide them with the resources they need to facilitate their inclusion into the society in which they work. By brokering relationships between exploited illegalized immigrant workers and existing labour market institutions, community organizations like the Latino Organization of the Southwest's (LOS) Economic Development Centre (EDC), located in Chicago, USA, can help improve the quality of illegalized immigrants’ jobs and thus support more positive labour market outcomes.

Employment equity and access to social welfare for Illegalized immigrants: an inclusive approach that also makes economic sense

The global English-language literature on the effects of illegalized migrants on the labour market is heavily influenced by American studies. While many studies have examined the lived experiences of illegalized immigrants in general, comparatively few have examined the effect of illegalized immigrants on labour markets in a Canadian and European context. The literature review reveals four main findings: 1. Increasingly restrictive policies towards immigrants and employers have adversely affected illegalized immigrants’ labour market outcomes during the past three decades. 2. Illegalized immigrants have positively affected the earnings of native-born skilled workers and negatively affect the earnings of native-born unskilled workers. The effect of illegalized immigrants on the employment rates of native-borns has been negligible. 3. Illegalized immigrants have positively affected the national-level social welfare system. The findings for illegalized immigrants’ effects on state/provincial and local-level social welfare systems are mixed. 4. Organizations have benefitted from employing illegalized immigrants whose illegality renders them vulnerable to exploitation and unable to make demands for equitable remuneration. While a direct link between increasingly restrictive policies towards immigrants, their labour market outcomes, and their utilization of social welfare systems has not yet been examined in Canada, findings from the U.S. and several European countries can inform recommendations that may be useful for industrialized countries. First, findings from these studies indicate that all levels of government should work together to create policies that include illegalized immigrants as equal members of society, rather than maintain the current system(s) that illegalizes them. This includes providing illegalized immigrants with equitable access to social welfare at federal, state/provincial, and municipal levels. Various Solidarity City movements in Canada, the U.S., and Europe could be examined, and the best practices applied to state/provincial and federal levels to begin this process. Second, all levels of government should work together to create a policy framework that mandates employers to provide equitable remuneration to illegalized immigrants. This policy should also hold employers accountable for achieving these goals. Canada's current Employment Equity Act (1995) and various state/provincial level Equality & Human Rights Legislations could be amended to protect illegalized immigrants from exploitation. Third, until illegalized immigrants are no longer exploited based on their illegality, all levels of government should fund community-based organizations to provide them with the resources they need to facilitate their inclusion into the society in which they work. By brokering relationships between exploited illegalized immigrant workers and existing labour market institutions, community organizations like the Latino Organization of the Southwest's (LOS) Economic Development Centre (EDC), located in Chicago, USA, can help improve the quality of illegalized immigrants’ jobs and thus support more positive labour market outcomes.

The thermodynamic principles as the theoretical basis of fair remuneration

Thermodynamics is the key to solving many economic problems. Since the human body is driven by heat engines, there is a loss of energy source. Measuring this loss means it is possible to indicate the size of a fair wage. Another version of the second principle justifies the amount of depreciation of real assets, such as machinery and equipment. A significant purpose of the article is to indicate that the category of capital cannot be understood without knowing the first and second principle of thermodynamics. The main aim is to present the theory of equitable remuneration developed using the second principle of thermodynamics and the discovered economic constant. Theoretical research leads to the creation of a model of capital and a model of fair pay with the understanding of the existence of an economic constant quantifying the action of natural forces on capital growth. Empirical research estimates the size of the constant and verifies the fairness of remuneration. The research reveals the existence of an economic constant necessary in capital theory, especially in the field of remuneration for work. Models for measuring human capital of employees and formulas enabling calculation of fair remuneration and its updating are presented. Additionally, using the entropic version of the second principle, the depreciation amounts of fixed assets are determined. The main conclusion of the presented research and the formulated theory is that thermodynamics is essential for the correct understanding of the category of capital defining as the abstract ability to perform work.

Die urheberrechtliche Wirksamkeit von Nutzungsbedingungen sozialer Netzwerke

Social networks are an example of technological development, which not only determines the social and customer behaviour of consumers, but also sets new challenges for the law. Every day, millions of copyright-relevant items are being uploaded to social networks, where the platform operators acquire extensive rights of use without paying the authors equitable remuneration. Taking the platform of Facebook as an example, the paper explores the question of whether the terms of use of social networks are compatible with copyright rules. In particular, it examines the problem of equitable remuneration for the use of IP content by platform operators, as well as potential remuneration models and alternative regulation options in the context of social networks. The paper examines the relevance of strict copyright regulation in the age of digitisation.