Gastrointestinal Contributions to the Postprandial Experience

Food ingestion induces homeostatic sensations (satiety, fullness) with a hedonic dimension (satisfaction, changes in mood) that characterize the postprandial experience. Both types of sensation are secondary to intraluminal stimuli produced by the food itself, as well as to the activity of the digestive tract. Postprandial sensations also depend on the nutrient composition of the meal and on colonic fermentation of non-absorbed residues. Gastrointestinal function and the sensitivity of the digestive tract, i.e., perception of gut stimuli, are determined by inherent individual factors, e.g., sex, and can be modulated by different conditioning mechanisms. This narrative review examines the factors that determine perception of digestive stimuli and the postprandial experience.

Food, Eating, and the Gastrointestinal Tract

Food ingestion induces a metered response of the digestive system. Initially, the upper digestive system reacts to process and extract meal substrates. Later, meal residues not absorbed in the small bowel, pass into the colon and activate the metabolism of resident microbiota. Food consumption also induces sensations that arise before ingestion (e.g., anticipatory reward), during ingestion (e.g., gustation), and most importantly, after the meal (i.e., the postprandial experience). The postprandial experience involves homeostatic sensations (satiety, fullness) with a hedonic dimension (digestive well-being, mood). The factors that determine the postprandial experience are poorly understood, despite their potential role in personalized diets and healthy eating habits. Current data suggest that the characteristics of the meal (amount, palatability, composition), the activity of the digestive system (suited processing), and the receptivity of the eater (influenced by multiple conditioning factors) may be important in this context.

PERAN KELUARGA DALAM PERILAKU PEMBELIAN HEDONIS

This study aims to examine the structure of the family's role in the lifestyle of hedonism and its influence on the consumer purchasing process. Observation activities are carried out at modern markets and cafes/ restaurants in Kebumen district. This research paradigm discusses aspects of consumer behavior and marketing research regarding consumer behavior and purchasing decisions that vary and reflect the hedonic dimension. This descriptive qualitative research conducted with the purpose to understand the meaning symbolized by each family's behavior according to the family's own perspective. The results of the study show that shopping locations can cause a shift in purchasing activities in modern markets lead to hedonic behavior, but are still relatively normal. In the visit activities at cafe/ restaurant show hedonic behavior because it provides an illustration that eating outside the home as a place of discussion is considered interesting, not up to date, luxurious and worth displaying on its social media accounts. This research shows a number of the propositions that apply in the field. This research still needs to be improved, especially in the discussion of objects and research locations, including the selection of entertainment/ tourism places, as well as family strata in influencing hedonic buying behavior. Keywords: buying behavior, hedonic lifestyle, family role, modern market, cafe/ restaurant

Measuring the Hedonic and Utilitarian Dimensions of Consumer Attitude

This article reports the development and validation of a parsimonious, generalizable scale that measures the hedonic and utilitarian dimensions of consumer attitudes toward product categories and different brands within categories. The hedonic/utilitarian (HED/UT) scale includes ten semantic differential response items, five of which refer to the hedonic dimension and five of which refer to the utilitarian dimension of consumer attitudes. The authors conducted six studies to establish the unidimensionality, reliability, and validity of the two HED/UT subscales. In reaching the final scale, the authors also develop and implement a unique process of paring down a psychometrically sound but otherwise too large set of items. Nomological validity is established by replacing a typical, one-dimensional attitude toward the brand measure with the hedonic and utilitarian dimensions in a central route processing model. Results suggest that the hedonic and utilitarian constructs are two distinct dimensions of brand attitude and are reliably and validly measured by the HED/UT scale.