MEDIA AUDIO VISUAL : PENGARUHNYA TERHADAP PERKEMBANGAN MORAL ANAK USIA DINI

<p>The purpose of this study was to determine children's moral development, the implementation of audio-visual media and to determine the effect of audio-visual media on children's morale in RA Hj. Fauziah, Binjai Timur District, Binjai City. The research conducted is quantitative in nature. In quantitative research, generally the data obtained is in the form of numbers or scores that are combined after taking the score through a questionnaire distributed to the research sample. Henceforth, these numbers are tested with numbers that become the second variable so that there will be a final number or score that can determine whether there is a relationship between the two variables that influence each other or not. The type of statistic used is the Product Moment Person Correlation statistic, which is to determine the effect of audio-visual media on children's morale in group B at RA Hj. Fauziah, Binjai Timur District, Binjai City. The population in this study were RA Hj students. Fauziah, Binjai Timur District, Binjai City in the 2020/2021 school year, totaling 63 people consisting of 38 male students and 25 female students. The results of the research using audio visual media can be said to be good. This can be proven by the value obtained, namely P = 72.93%. Research on children's morale can be said to be very good. This can be proven by the value obtained, namely P = 80.38%. There is a significant influence between the audio-visual media on children's morals as evidenced by the value of the correlation coefficient (r) which shows the level of correlation between variable X (audio-visual media) and variable Y (children's moral in group B) of r = 0.68 with a level of correlation high. Based on the t statistical test, namely t count = r√ (n-1) the result is 3.18. So, it can be concluded that there is a significant influence between audio-visual media on children's morale in group B in RA Hj. Fauziah Binjai.</p>

EFFECTS OF THE ORGANIZATIONAL FACTORS ON TEACHERS' RETENTION: PERCEPTIONS OF PRIVATE SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHERS OF LYARI TOWN

The teaching occupation and the essential tasks and duties of teachers are necessary for developing every nation's human resources. The teachers are the pillar of our country, and without them, the standard of our education will suffer since teachers are the nearest to the human mind and are prime drivers of economic development. Therefore, educational administration and organizational factors play a pivotal role in making teachers motivated and satisfied to sustain their academic institutions' jobs and should focus on switching jobs frequently. This study examined the association between organizational and teacher retention in eight private secondary schools in Lyari town Karachi, Sindh Pakistan. The study formulated three objectives and hypotheses. The research design was a correlation—the population of the study comprised of teachers from schools. A random sampling technique was used, and a questionnaire was distributed among 200 teachers to collect data. Data were gathered using an instrument that was self-made with the help of literature reviewed and experts' suggestions. The questionnaire was validated and piloted. The Cronbach Alpha coefficient was determined. Ensure the reliability at 0.85, respectively. The Pearson correlation statistic was used to test the hypotheses. The findings reveal significant relationships between teachers' salary packages, teachers' workload, professional development opportunities, and teachers' retention in schools. Further, the study's findings reveal that educational administration and management align with government compensation policies regarding teachers' salaries and promotions and focus on their teaching workload and other fringe benefits.

Comparison of Correlation Measures for Nominal Data

In social sciences, a plethora of studies utilize nominal data to establish the relationship between the variables. This, in turn, requires the correct use of correlation technique. The choice of correlation technique depends upon the underlying assumptions and power of the test of significance. The objective of the research is to explore the best measure of association for nominal data in terms of size, power and bias in estimation. Monte Carlo simulations reveal that the Phi and Pearson correlation statistics performs equally well in terms of size, power, and bias for naturally dichotomous variables. When both variables are artificially dichotomized, the Tetrachoric statistic has an edge in terms of bias to Pearson correlation statistic. If one variable is continuous and other is artificially dichotomized, the Biserial correlation measure turns out to be less biased as compared to Pearson statistic although both statistics exhibit similar power and size properties. If one variable is continuous and other is naturally dichotomized, it is hard to choose between the Point Biserial and Pearson correlation measures. Finally, if one variable is naturally dichotomous and other is artificially dichotomized, correlation coefficient V is compared with Pearson, Phi and Tetrachoric correlation techniques in terms of bias in estimate. The results indicate that the Tetrachoric statistic considerably overestimates the correlation value against non-normal distributions. Pearson and Phi correlation slightly underestimate the correlation value. In contrast, the correlation statistic V perform well.

Prostatic Peripheral Zone Thickness: What is Normal on Magnetic Resonance Imaging?

PurposeTo report the precision of a technique of measuring the PZ thickness on T2-weighted MRI and report normal parameters in patients with normal-sized prostates. We also wanted to establish the mean and second standard deviations (2SD) above and below the mean as criteria for abnormally narrow or expanded PZ thickness.MethodsOf the initial 1566 consecutive cohort referred for evaluation for carcinoma based on elevated PSA (prostate specific antibody) or DRE (digital rectal examination), 132 separate subjects with normal-sized prostates were selected for this study. Mean age was 58.2 years (15-82). Median serum PSA was 6.2ng/ML (range, 0.3-145). Most were asymptomatic for lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Inclusion criteria in this study required technically adequate T2-weighted MRI and total prostatic volume (TPV) ≤ 25 cc. Exclusion criteria included post prostatic surgical and radiation patients, patients having had medical management or minimally invasive therapy for BPH, those being treated for prostatitis. Patients with suspected tumor expanding or obscuring measurement boundaries were also not considered. Transition zone (TZ) and peripheral zone (PZ) volumes were determined using the prolate ellipsoid model. Postero-lateral measurement of the PZ was obtained at the axial level of maximal transverse diameter of the prostate on a line drawn from the outer boundary of the TZ to the inner boundary of the external prostatic capsule. The data was normally distributed. Therefore, it was analyzed using the 2-sided student t-test and Pearson produce correlation statistic.ResultsMean pooled (composite) measurement for the postero-lateral PZ (PLPZ) was 10 mm (CI= 9.5-10.5 mm) with SD of 2.87 mm. Means were statistically the same for the 2 observers (p=0.75). Pearson correlation between the two observers was 0.63.ConclusionsIn a prostate ≤ 25 cc volume the postero-lateral PZ should be no thicker than 15.8 mm and averages 10.0 mm. when measured in the maximal axial plane on MRI. These norms were independent of age or use of endorectal coil. The technique measurement demonstrated clinically useful precision.

A Bayesian framework for identifying consistent patterns of microbial abundance between body sites

Recent studies have found that the microbiome in both gut and mouth are associated with diseases of the gut, including cancer. If resident microbes could be found to exhibit consistent patterns between the mouth and gut, disease status could potentially be assessed non-invasively through profiling of oral samples. Currently, there exists no generally applicable method to test for such associations. Here we present a Bayesian framework to identify microbes that exhibit consistent patterns between body sites, with respect to a phenotypic variable. For a given operational taxonomic unit (OTU), a Bayesian regression model is used to obtain Markov-Chain Monte Carlo estimates of abundance among strata, calculate a correlation statistic, and conduct a formal test based on its posterior distribution. Extensive simulation studies demonstrate overall viability of the approach, and provide information on what factors affect its performance. Applying our method to a dataset containing oral and gut microbiome samples from 77 pancreatic cancer patients revealed several OTUs exhibiting consistent patterns between gut and mouth with respect to disease subtype. Our method is well powered for modest sample sizes and moderate strength of association and can be flexibly extended to other research settings using any currently established Bayesian analysis programs.

A Bayesian framework for identifying consistent patterns of microbial abundance between body sites

Recent studies have found that the microbiome in both gut and mouth are associated with diseases of the gut, including cancer. If resident microbes could be found to exhibit consistent patterns between the mouth and gut, disease status could potentially be assessed non-invasively through profiling of oral samples. Currently, there exists no generally applicable method to test for such associations. Here we present a Bayesian framework to identify microbes that exhibit consistent patterns between body sites, with respect to a phenotypic variable. For a given operational taxonomic unit (OTU), a Bayesian regression model is used to obtain Markov-Chain Monte Carlo estimates of abundance among strata, calculate a correlation statistic, and conduct a formal test based on its posterior distribution. Extensive simulation studies demonstrate overall viability of the approach, and provide information on what factors affect its performance. Applying our method to a dataset containing oral and gut microbiome samples from 77 pancreatic cancer patients revealed several OTUs exhibiting consistent patterns between gut and mouth with respect to disease subtype. Our method is well powered for modest sample sizes and moderate strength of association and can be flexibly extended to other research settings using any currently established Bayesian analysis programs.