Response of Egg Number to Selection of Different Genotypes of 24-bp Insertion-Deletion Locus in the Promoter of Prolactin Gene of Papua Local Chickens

This study aims to estimate the response of the number of eggs produced up to 240 days of age (EN240) to the selection of Papua local chickens (PLC) with different genotypes from the 24-bp Indel cPRLp locus. A total of 68 PLCs were taken randomly from several breeders in Manokwari as the basic population for selection (G0). Genotype identification of the 24-bp Indel cPRLp locus was performed G0. Based on the distribution of these genotypes, mating pairs were randomly formed G0-II, G0-DD and G0-ID to produce G1-II, G1-DD, and G1-Control (G0-ID offspring). Heritability of EN240 in G1-II and G1-DD populations were estimated in full-sib (single pairs mating). Individual selection based on breeding value EN240 was carried out on G1-II (♀) and G1-DD (♀) to form the selection generation (GS): GS-II (♀) and GS-DD (♀). Selection was also carried out on G1-II (♂) and G1-DD (♂) based on body weight at 240 days (BW240) to become selected GS-II (♀) and GS-DD (♀) mating partners. GS-Control was also formed through 25% random sampling from G1-Control (♂ and ♀). GS mating resulted in the second generation (G2): G2-II, G2-DD, and G2-Control. Age at first laying (AFL), EN240, and mean egg weight (EWA) in hens of G1, GS, and G2 were recorded. Response to selection for EN240 was calculated by two methods predicted selection response (Rp) and actual selection response (Rr). Both methods of calculation yield positive and high values. In actual response (Rr), PLC in II genotypes group are more responsive to the selection treatment than DD genotype group. Selection increase EN240 impact accelerate of AFL and lower the EWA, because of their negative genetic correlation.

Korelasi Genotipe dan Fenotipe Antar Sifat Kuantitatif Pada Populasi Segregasi Transgresif Kacang Hijau

Mung bean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) is one of the food plants as a source of vegetable protein for humans. One of these is a population of transgressive segregation resulting from crossing in mung beans. This research aims to estimate the correlation between genotype and phenotype values ​​between quantitative traits in the transgressive segregation population of mung beans. Genetic material was 11 lines of transgressive segregated in the selection generation S2:2 of varieties Mamasa Lere Butnem × Lasafu Lere Butnem crosses. Genotype correlation analysis was obtained from the decomposition of genetic variance components from the results of the analysis of variance according to a randomized complete design with sub-sampling, consisting of 13 genotypes (including check varieties) which were two replications. The results showed a genotype correlation between the quantitative traits of mung beans that indicated the possibility of direct selection of the populations of transgressive segregation lines on yields and indirectly through easily observable traits such as harvest age, number of pods, and number of seeds. Keywords: genetic correlation, mungbeans, quantitative traits ABSTRAK Kacang hijau (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) merupakan salah satu tanaman pangan sebagai sumber protein nabati bagi manusia. Salah satu diantaranya adalah populasi segregasi transgresif hasil persilangan pada kacang hijau. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menduga nilai korelasi genotipe dan fenotipe antar sifat-sifat kuantitatif pada populasi segregasi transgresif kacang hijau. Bahan genetik adalah 11 galur segregan transgresif pada generasi seleksi S2:2 zuriat persilangan varietas Mamasa Lere Butnem × Lasafu Lere Butnem. Analisis korelasi genotipe diperoleh dari penguraian komponen ragam-peragam genetik dari hasil analisis peragam sesuai model acak rancangan acak lengkap dengan anak contoh, terdiri atas 13 genotipe (termasuk varietas penguji) yang diulang dua kali. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan adanya korelasi genotipe antar sifat-sifat kuantitatif kacang hijau yang mengindikasikan kemungkinan seleksi langsung populasi galur segregasi transgresif terhadap hasil maupun tak-langsung melalui sifat yang mudah diamati seperti umur panen, jumlah polong dan jumlah biji. Kata Kunci: kacang hijau, korelasi genetik, sifat kuantitatif

Detection of CRISPR adaptation

Prokaryotic adaptive immunity is built when short DNA fragments called spacers are acquired into CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) arrays. CRISPR adaptation is a multistep process which comprises selection, generation, and incorporation of prespacers into arrays. Once adapted, spacers provide immunity through the recognition of complementary nucleic acid sequences, channeling them for destruction. To prevent deleterious autoimmunity, CRISPR adaptation must therefore be a highly regulated and infrequent process, at least in the absence of genetic invaders. Over the years, ingenious methods to study CRISPR adaptation have been developed. In this paper, we discuss and compare methods that detect CRISPR adaptation and its intermediates in vivo and propose suppressing PCR as a simple modification of a popular assay to monitor spacer acquisition with increased sensitivity.

Network traffic analyzing algorithms on the basis of machine learning methods

Traffic analysis systems are widely used in monitoring the network activity of users or a specific user and restricting client access to certain types of services (VPN, HTTPS) which makes content analysis impossible. Algorithms for classifying encrypted traffic and detecting VPN traffic are proposed. Three algorithms for constructing classifiers are considered - MLP, RFT and KNN. The proposed classifier demonstrates recognition accuracy on a test sample up to 80%. The MLP, RFT and KNN algorithms had almost identical performance in all experiments. It was also found that the proposed classifiers work better when the network traffic flows are generated using short values of the time parameter (timeout). The novelty lies in the development of network traffic analysis algorithms based on a neural network, differing in the method of selection, generation and selection of features, which allows to classify the existing traffic of protected connections of selected users according to a predetermined set of categories.

Mutation rates in seeds and seed-banking influence substitution rates across the angiosperm phylogeny

Summary1)BackgroundSeed-banking (the ability to persist in the soil over many generations) is usually considered as a dormant stage where genotypes are “stored” as a bet-hedging strategy in response to unpredictable environments. However, seed dormancy may instead have consequences for the integrity of the DNA and generate novel mutations.2)MethodsWe address this paradox by building phylogenies based on the plastomes and nuclear ITS of species belonging to ten angiosperm clades. In each clade, the substitution rate (branch-length) of a seed-banking species is compared with that of a closely-related non-seed-banking species.3)ResultsSeed-banking species show as high or higher substitution rates than non-seedbanking species, and therefore mutations occur in dormant seeds at a rate at least as high as in above-ground plants. Moreover, seed born mutations have the same probability to reach fixation as those from above ground. Our results are robust to differences in selection, generation time, and polymorphism.4)ConclusionsMutations occurring in seeds, and thus seed-banking, affect the population diversity of plant species, and are observable at the macro-evolutionary scale. Our study has consequences for seed storage projects, since the stored seeds are likely to accumulate mutations at a higher rate than previously thought.

Finding and Using the ART in Science Lessons

Teachers can find art in their science lessons if they know what to look for. The art in many science lessons is in the form of visual representations, which can be seen to exist on a continuum ranging from very concrete and iconic to very abstract and symbolic. There should be a progression through a lesson that guides students in identifying, interpreting, and analyzing different visual representations, and ultimately help them know how to create their own. The teacher should be very deliberate in his/her selection, generation, and/or use of visual representations. Five critical things the teacher should be mindful of include: (1) how the learner's mind processes visual information, (2) what visual literacy is, (3) what is meant by cognitive loading, (4) different types of visual representations, and (5) augmenting student learning by using a variety of visual encryptions.