The Potential Effect of Conjugated Linoleic Acid on Endurance Exercise: A Mechanistic Review

Introduction: The purpose of the present study was to appraise the results from disseminated human, animal and in vitro studies, and evaluate the possible effect along with the mechanism of CLA supplementation on endurance exercise. Methods: Related articles were searched on PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, and Cochrane databases with defined keywords. Articles were assessed through their titles and abstracts. Finally, 11 articles were included based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: Most of the studies were conducted on animals, and CLA was often supplemented along with training. Dosage and study duration vary for a broad range. Results showed various possible pathways on the effect of CLA supplementation on endurance exercise and related factors. Conclusions: It was indicated that CLA supplementation could prolong endurance performance by improving oxidant status, mitochondrial biogenesis, testosterone biosynthesize, fat oxidation, and change in body composition. Although CLA is being used in many countries and numerous studies have shown its safety, its long-term supplementation and effect need to be investigated. Also, further studies are required to identify the molecular mechanism in the human body.

Effects of a Mindfulness-Based Intervention on Sustained and Selective Attention in Young Top-Level Athletes in a School Training Setting: A Randomized Control Trial Study

Attention is a key success factor in elite sports. Mindfulness training is suspected to be a determinant of attention. The present study was a wait-list controlled investigation of the effects of a mindfulness-based sport psychology program on sustained and selective attention in young elite athletes (n = 137) and the effects of mindfulness training dosage on improving attention scores. In addition, long-term effects were examined. Selective and sustained attention were assessed in a pre–post design using the Frankfurter Aufmerksamkeits-Inventar 2, a go/no-go task. The results of this study indicate that the Berlin Mindfulness-Based Training for Athletes improved both sustained and selective attention in young athletes and that more training in the same amount of time resulted in higher scores in the assessment. The data also indicate that students who continued to practice independently after the intervention had higher scores in the long-term measure.

The Impact of a Community Supervision Officer Training Program on Client Outcomes: A Propensity Score Modeling Analysis by Officer Training Dosage

A growing body of research indicates officer training in correctional supervision programs is associated with improved use of evidence-based practices and lower rates of client recidivism. This scholarship also suggests larger reductions in recidivism can be achieved when officers implement program skills with higher quality. Despite their potential, research has shown standard training regiments alone are not sufficient in making all participants proficient users of skills. There is a need to determine what intensity of training produces the best results. In response, this study assessed the impact of federal probation officer training dosage in the Staff Training Aimed at Reducing Re-arrest (STARR) program on the outcomes of their clients. The results indicated clients of STARR-trained officers had fewer probation revocations and new arrests but more technical violations and positive drug tests. We also found clients supervised by officers with more versus less exposure to the STARR model had better outcomes.