COVID-19, neurovascular thrombotic problem and short summary on blood coagulation disorder: a brief review

COVID-19 is the present global public health problem. This respiratory viral infection can manifest atypical presentation including neurological presentations. An important neurological problem in COVID-19 is neurovascular thrombosis. The basic pathogenesis of thrombosis in neurological system is explainable by the basic principle of thrombohemostasis. A hypercoagulability is a possible problem seen in some COVID-19 cases. In this brief review, the authors summarize venous and arterial thrombosis of neurovascular system as a complication of COVID-19. The updated pathophysiology of COVID-associated blood coagulation disorder is discussed. In addition, consideration regarding new COVID-19 vaccine related thrombotic adverse event is also raised.

Physiological and Pathophysiological Role of Cysteine Metabolism in Human Metabolic Syndrome

: Cysteine is one of the major intermediate products of cellular amino-acid metabolism. It is a semi-essential amino acid for protein synthesis. Besides, it is also employed in the regulation of major endogenous anti-oxidant molecules i.e., reduced glutathione (GSH). Further, it is a precursor of multiple sulfur-containing molecules like hydrogen sulfide, lanthionine, taurine, coenzyme A and biotin. It is also one of the key molecules for post-translational modifications of various cellular proteins. In physiological conditions, it is employed in the sulfhydration process and plays a key role in the physiology modification of the inflammatory process in various organs, including the neurological system. The catabolism of cysteine is regulated by cysteine dioxygenase enzyme activity. The dysregulated conditions of cysteine and cysteine-associated hydrogen sulfide metabolism are widely employed in the acceleration of the neurodegenerative process. Moreover, the upregulation of cysteine and hydrogen sulfide synthesis occurs via the reverse trans-sulfuration process. This process helps to manage the worsening of a pathological condition of a cellular system. Moreover, it is also employed in the accumulation of homocysteine contents. Further, both cysteine and homocysteine molecules are widely accepted as biomarkers for various types of diseases. Therefore, the targets involved in the regulation of cysteine have been considered as valid targets to treat various disorders like cardiac disease, ischemic stroke, diabetes, cancer, and renal dysfunction.

Research Progress in the Treatment of Complications and Sequelae of COVID-19

With the improvement in the understanding of COVID-19 and the widespread vaccination of COVID-19 vaccines in various countries, the epidemic will be brought under control soon. However, multiple viruses could result in the post-viral syndrome, which is also common among patients with COVID-19. Therefore, the long-term consequences and the corresponding treatment of COVID-19 should be the focus in the post-epidemic era. In this review, we summarize the therapeutic strategies for the complications and sequelae of eight major systems caused by COVID-19, including respiratory system, cardiovascular system, neurological system, digestive system, urinary system, endocrine system, reproductive system and skeletal complication. In addition, we also sorted out the side effects reported in the vaccine trials. The purpose of this article is to remind people of possible complications and sequelae of COVID-19 and provide robust guidance on the treatment. It is extremely important to conduct long-term observational prognosis research on a larger scale, so as to have a comprehensive understanding of the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 on the human body and reduce complications to the greatest extent.

Exerting the Appropriate Application of Methylprednisolone in Acute Spinal Cord Injury Based on Time Course Transcriptomics Analysis

Methylprednisolone (MP) is an anti-inflammatory drug approved for the treatment of acute spinal cord injuries (SCIs). However, MP administration for SCIs has become a controversial issue while the molecular effects of MP remain unexplored to date. Therefore, delineating the benefits and side effects of MP and determining what MP cannot cure in SCIs at the molecular level are urgent issues. Here, genomic profiles of the spinal cord in rats with and without injury insults, and those with and without MP treatment, were generated at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, and 48 h post-injury. A comprehensive analysis was applied to obtain three distinct classes: side effect of MP (SEMP), competence of MP (CPMP), and incapability of MP (ICMP). Functional analysis using these genes suggested that MP exerts its greatest effect at 8~12 h, and the CPMP was reflected in the immune response, while SEMP suggested aspects of metabolism, such as glycolysis, and ICMP was on neurological system processes in acute SCIs. For the first time, we are able to precisely reveal responsive functions of MP in SCIs at the molecular level and provide useful solutions to avoid complications of MP in SCIs before better therapeutic drugs are available.

A Systematic Review on Nerve Chemical Warfare Agents

The recent poisoning of Russian opposition figure and critic Alexei Navalny on August 20th , 2020 with a Soviet-era Novichok nerve agent reminded the world of the use of chemical agents, especially nerve agents to eliminate individual targets or for mass destruction. Nerve agents are a class of organophosphorus compounds. Soman, Sarin, Tabun, Cyclosarin, VX are a few examples of nerve agents. Nerve agents affect a person by disrupting the mechanism by which nerve signals are passed in the body. They inhibit the action of acetylcholinesterase enzyme which is responsible for the breakdown of acetylcholine neurotransmitters leading to accumulation of acetylcholine in the body. Nerve agents have a range of chemical effects on the eye, gastro-intestinal (GI) tract, Central nervous system (CNS), Respiratory system, Cardiovascular system and Neurological system. The management of nerve agent poisoning is done by administering Atropine or Pralidoxime chloride or also by administering anticonvulsants like Benzodiazepines or Diazepam. This review presents all such detailed information on this class of chemical Warfare agents. Keywords: Chemical Warfare Weapon, Nerve Agents, Acetylcholinesterase, Toxicity, Instrumentation

Hemophagocytic syndrome and neurological involvement in a case of intravascular large B-cell lymphoma

Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma (IVLBCL) is a rare form of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, and is divided into Western and Asian variants. The latter is rarely found to have neurological system involvement. In China, there have only been a few diagnosed cases of IVLBCL. Here, we present a Chinese case of Asian-variant IVLBCL with neurological symptoms. A 32-year-old Chinese man presented with bilateral lower limb numbness and persistent fever. He also complained of difficulties in urination and defecation. In addition, splenomegaly and pancytopenia were observed. We identified 3% dysplastic lymphocytes in his peripheral blood film, and his bone marrow biopsy led to a diagnosis of Asian-variant IVLBCL. Lumbar spine magnetic resonance imaging, which revealed an edematous spinal cord, further confirmed neurological involvement. The patient refused treatment from the time of diagnosis, and died 2 months after being discharged. IVLBCL is a highly aggressive but nonspecific clinical manifestation that is difficult to diagnose; therefore, a greater understanding of the disease is needed. The current first-line therapy involves R-CHOP combination therapy (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone, and rituximab); however, the overall prognosis of IVLBCL remains poor.

Preliminary Analysis of the Effectiveness of Handing Criminal Acts by Children Under the Age

The issue of drug addiction and illegal trafficking continues to plague nations across the globe. Between 153 and 300 million individuals, or 3.4 to 6.6 percent of the world's drug abusers aged 15 to 64 years, having used drugs at least once a year, with almost 12% (15.5 to 38.6 million people) of users being heavy addicts. Initially created for medicinal reasons (therapy), opioids became a political target for those seeking profit by introducing harmful addictive chemicals. Addition of hazardous addictive drugs may precipitate a person's hallucinations and addictions, wreaking havoc on the neurological system and organs of the body and ultimately resulting in death. The risks of drug addiction have prompted many nations to implement laws aimed at protecting citizens and prohibiting drug trafficking. This restriction eventually spawned illegal commerce and the growth of global marketplaces

Comprehensive Review of Formulations Mentioned for Vatavyadhi Chikitsa in Classical Texts

Vatavyadhi Chikitsa (treatment) deals with diseases particularly caused by Vata dosha. (base of body) Vatavyadhi in present era is the most prevalent disease. Now a days Vatavyadhi are mostly concerned with neurological system, musculoskeletal system, reticulo-endothelial system and further pervades to all other systems in the body. Vata is the only dosha which governs all the other entities of the body like Pitta, Kapha,(other doshas means base of body) and Dhatu (fundamental support of body) etc. Diseases caused by vata in its vitiated (imbalance) condition are called Vatavyadhi. So, it is important to know the formulations which are mentioned in Classical texts especially in Brihattrayi (collection of three books) in order to keep all the body functions in equilibrium. Keywords: Vatavyadhi, Brihattrayee, Vata, Pitta, Kapha, formulations.

Air Pollution and the Airways: Lessons from a Century of Human Urbanization

Since the industrial revolution, air pollution has become a major problem causing several health problems involving the airways as well as the cardiovascular, reproductive, or neurological system. According to the WHO, about 3.6 million deaths every year are related to inhalation of polluted air, specifically due to pulmonary diseases. Polluted air first encounters the airways, which are a major human defense mechanism to reduce the risk of this aggressor. Air pollution consists of a mixture of potentially harmful compounds such as particulate matter, ozone, carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds, and heavy metals, each having its own effects on the human body. In the last decades, a lot of research investigating the underlying risks and effects of air pollution and/or its specific compounds on the airways, has been performed, involving both in vivo and in vitro experiments. The goal of this review is to give an overview of the recent data on the effects of air pollution on healthy and diseased airways or models of airway disease, such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Therefore, we focused on studies involving pollution and airway symptoms and/or damage both in mice and humans.

Retrospective evaluation of patients with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy with a wide range of clinical presentations: a single center experience

Objectives X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD), is a peroxisomal inborn error of metabolism caused due to the loss of function variants of ABCD1 gene that leads to accumulation of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) in several tissues including the neurological system. Childhood cerebral X-ALD (CCALD) is the most common and severe form of X-ALD, if left untreated. Allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the only available therapy that halts neurological deterioration in CCALD. We present 12 patients with several subtypes of X-ALD that were followed-up in a single center. Methods Data of 12 patients diagnosed with X-ALD were documented retrospectively. Demographics, age of onset, initial symptoms, endocrine and neurological findings, VLCFA levels, neuroimaging data, molecular genetic analysis of ABCD1 gene, and disease progress were documented. Results Mean age of initiation of symptoms was 7.9 years and mean age of diagnosis was 10.45 years. Eight patients had the CCALD subtype, while two had the cerebral form of AMN, one had the adult form of cerebral ALD, and one patient had the Addison only phenotype. The most common initial symptoms involved the neurological system. Loes scores varied between 0 and 12. Seven patients with CCALD underwent HSCT, among them three patients died. The overall mortality rate was 25%. Conclusions Patients with X-ALD should be carefully followed up for cerebral findings and progression, since there is no genotype–phenotype correlation, and the clinical course cannot be predicted by family history. HSCT is the only available treatment option for patients with neurological deterioration.