The Evolution of Intumescent Char in Flame-Retardant Coatings Based on Amino Resin

Intumescent flame-retardant (IFR) coatings have been gaining more attention. The behaviors of intumescent char in IFR coatings play the most important role in its flame-retardant properties. However, the evolution of intumescent char throughout the whole process of protection is still unclear. In this study, both the formation and shrinkage of char were studied. The formulation of IFR includes melamine modified urea-formaldehyde resin (MUF), ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and pentaerythritol (PER). The flame-retardant properties of the coating were measured by the cone calorimeter (CONE). The evolution of the volume and the pore size distribution of char were monitored. The morphological and chemical structures were characterized by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results show that the evolution of intumescent char could be divided into three stages. More than 50% shrinkage of char occurs in the second stage. There are obvious transformations of the morphological and chemical structures of char between the different stages.

Calcium carbonate modified urea–formaldehyde resin adhesive for strength enhanced medium density fiberboard production

Reactions between CaCO3 and CH2O2 during polycondensation of UF resin produce Ca2+. Ionic bond complexation binds Ca2+ with UF resin. The UF resin crystalline percentage decreases from 26.86% to 22.71%. IB strength of resin bonded fiberboard increases from 0.75 to 0.94 MPa.