The Effect of Neural Entropy during Deep Brain Stimulation of Cortex-Basal Ganglia Network Model.

Researchers reported decreased nerve entropy Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) have abnormalities in their basal ganglia (BG). Studies of local field potentials (LFPs) recorded from the hypothalamus and single unit recordings of GP neurons showed this reduction to be significant. According to this hypothesis, these changes are consistent with changes in the ability of the basal ganglion network to encode PD information. Our deep brain stimulation of cortical basal ganglia (DBS) model includes single LFP recordings and shows how entropy changes during DBS. In addition to the extracellular stimulation of supplied STN fibers and LFP mimetics, which are detected differently on a registered electrode, this model includes osteoclast activation and anti-apoptosis. In the DBS network, the firing pattern fluctuated between high-frequency and low-frequency stimuli, since gp neurons in the network showed a decrease in entropy when a high-frequency stimulus was applied and an increase in entropy when a low-frequency stimulus was applied. Second hand. Changes in neural entropy after DBS have been reported experimentally. The simulation results were consistent

Observations on the Myo-Neural Physiology of a Polyclad Flatworm: Inhibitory Systems

1. The spontaneous activity displayed by Planocera preparations decreased with repetitive electrical stimulation. It was also found that the amplitude of response was related to the time since previous spontaneous activity. The response decreased as the time interval between spontaneous activity and stimulus decreased. 2. When a preparation was stimulated at a low frequency then there was an increase in the tone of the preparation. If the low-frequency stimulus was then followed by a stimulus at a slightly higher frequency then there was a drop in tone caused by a relaxation of the preparation. 3. The extent of relaxation which occurred depended on parameters or the high-frequency stimulus but could be facilitated by increasing either the frequency or the duration of the initial low-frequency stimulus. 4. Pathways involved with conduction of excitation from one side of the animal to the other pass through the brain. The brain is also required for transmission of the relaxation effect. 5. It is concluded that these relaxation and depressant effects reflect the presence of a true inhibitory system which also shows facilitation.

The Mechanisms of Post-Tetanic Potentiation in Cat Soleus and Gastrocnemius Muscles

Post-tetanic potentiation of muscle contraction strength (PTP) occurs in cat soleus and gastrocnemius muscles. However, the mechanisms of potentiation are different in these two muscles. Soleus PTP is predominantly a neural event. The application of a high frequency stimulus to the soleus nerve regularly causes each subsequent response to a single stimulus to become repetitive. This post-tetanic repetitive activity (PTR) originates in the motor nerve terminal and is transmitted to the muscle. Consequently each potentiated soleus contraction is a brief tetanus. In gastrocnemius PTR occurs too infrequently to account for PTP. Furthermore, PTP occurs in curarized directly stimulated gastrocnemius muscles to the same extent as in the indirectly stimulated muscle. In this instance PTP is a muscle phenomenon.