COMMUNICATION WITH PARENTS OF CHILDREN WITH SPECIAL NEEDS WHO HAVE DIFFICULTY ACHIEVING OR ARE UNABLE TO ACHIEVE THE MINIMUM GOALS IN REGULAR PRIMARY SCHOOL / KOMUNIKACIJA S STARŠI OTROK S POSEBNIMI POTREBAMI, KI LE S TEŽAVO DOSEGAJO ALI PA MINIMALNIH CILJEV V REDNI OSNOVNI ŠOLI NE ZMOREJO DOSEGATI

Good verbal and non-verbal communication is of paramount importance for maintaining and building relationships. However, educators need to be as much as possible attentive when talking to parents of children with learning difficulties to such an extent that they will not be able to complete the regular program. A teacher for children with special needs and a teacher who talk with parents about pupil’s problems and new opportunities in a program with a lower educational standard must have a high level of empathy. They need to be aware that these are injured parents and they need to be able to decide when an individual parent is ready for such information. Most importantly, parents have to feel that we really only want the best for the child and them. In this case, they will be ready for re-education sooner and the child will have fewer unnecessary negative experiences. Dobra verbalna in neverbalna komunikacija je za vzdrževanje in gradnjo odnosov izrednega pomena. Z vzporedno držo telesa in očesnim kontaktom sočutno komuniciramo z vsemi starši. Pri pogovoru s starši otrok s težavami pri učenju v takšni meri, da rednega programa ne bodo zmogli, pa morajo biti še toliko bolj čuteči. Specialni pedagog in učitelj, ki staršem predstavita težave in nove možnosti na programu z nižjim izobrazbenim standardom, morata imeti veliko mero sposobnosti vživljanja. Zavedati se morata, da so to ranjeni starši in znati morata presoditi, kdaj je posamezen starš pripravljen na kakšno informacijo. Najpomembneje je, da starši čutijo, da resnično želimo otroku in njim le najboljše. Čutiti morajo našo pomoč. V tem primeru bodo na prešolanje pripravljeni prej in otrok bo tako imel manj nepotrebnih negativnih izkušenj. <p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0859/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Capturing the Gender Gap in the Scope of Parenting Related Leave Policies Across Nations

This article contributes to the conceptual and technical development of cross-national measurement and analysis of the gender gap in the scope of parenting related leave entitlements. That there is a gender gap in the scope of leave benefits is widely acknowledged, but it is rarely quantified. The nomenclature in use around leave policies is diverse and so a first step is to standardise categories and develop a unit of parenting related leave. There is considerable cross-national variation in the configuration of the scope of leave policies. As such, a second step is to consider how best to include the different dimensions of this scope (e.g., duration, payment level, individual parent versus family design) in an estimate of the gender gap in entitlement. Using data collated by the International Network on Leave Policies and Research, a gender gap indicator is created to contribute to our understanding of the inclusiveness of parenting related leave for men as compared to women. This indicator highlights that only two (Iceland and Norway) of 45 countries included in this analysis had achieved a zero-gender gap in terms of entitlement to ‘well-paid,’ individual parenting related leave during the first 18 months of a child’s life. The average gender gap for the countries in the analysis is between two to three months. Only seven countries offered more than two months leave to fathers as an individual entitlement. This is likely to be part of the explanation in many countries for lower leave taking practice by men compared to women.

The Various Methods used for the Clonal Propagation in Horticultural Crops: A Review

The propagation of plant is required for the purpose of the multiplication of new plants. The producers want desired character of plant and for that purpose they need true to type plants. The true to type plants can’t be produce by the sexual reproduction. The different types of clonal propagation methods can be used for the producing true to type plants Clone means plants which are the exact copy of the individual parents by asexual propagation. Clonal propagation can be used as a method of the production of the genetically identical copies of the individual parent. The clones are required for the purpose of producing identical plants as sexually propagated plants have different variations which can affect the yield, quality and the other characters. To avoid these variations asexual methods are promoted for the propagation of genetically identical new plant such as cutting, layering, tissue culture etc. Many researchers have carried out the work to develop new and different techniques for the sole purpose of clonal propagation of plant.

SHARPEN: A Scheme to Restore the Distribution of Averaged Precipitation Fields

A key strategy in obtaining complete global coverage of high-resolution precipitation is to combine observations from multiple fields, such as the intermittent passive microwave observations, precipitation propagated in time using motion vectors, and geosynchronous infrared observations. These separate precipitation fields can be combined through weighted averaging, which produces estimates that are generally superior to the individual parent fields. However, the process of averaging changes the distribution of the precipitation values, leading to an increase in precipitating area and decrease in the values of high precipitation rates, a phenomenon observed in IMERG. To mitigate this issue, we introduce a new scheme called SHARPEN, which recovers the distribution of the averaged precipitation field based on the idea of quantile mapping applied to the local environment. When implemented in IMERG, precipitation estimates from SHARPEN exhibit a distribution that resembles that of the original instantaneous observations, with matching precipitating area and peak precipitation rates. Case studies demonstrate its improved ability in bridging between the parent precipitation fields. Evaluation against ground observations reveals a distinct improvement in precipitation detection skill, but also a slightly reduced correlation likely because of a sharper precipitation field. The increased computational demand of SHARPEN can be mitigated by striding over multiple grid boxes, which has only marginal impacts on the accuracy of the estimates. SHARPEN can be applied to any precipitation algorithm that produces an average from multiple input precipitation fields and is being considered for implementation in IMERG V07.

Influence of Parent Stressors on Adolescent Obesity in African American Youth

Objective. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between individual parent stressors (financial, legal, career, relationships, home safety, community safety, medical, housing, authority, and prejudice) and adolescent obesity in African American adolescents. Methods. Data were from a cross section convenience sample of 273 African American parent-child dyads (ages 11–19) from Washtenaw County, Michigan. A subset of 122 dyads who completed parent and child questionnaires were included in this analysis. Parent stressors were assessed using the Crisis in Family Systems Revised (CRISYS-R) questionnaire. Height, weight, and waist circumference were measured by trained staff; height and weight were converted to BMI. Multivariate linear regression models were used to examine the relationships between individual parent stressors and adolescent BMI and waist circumference. Results. Parental exposure to stressors related to safety in the community was positively associated with adolescent BMI (β = 1.20(0.47), p=0.01) and waist circumference (β = 2.86(1.18), p=0.02). Parental appraisal of stressors related to safety in the community as “difficult to get through” was positively associated with adolescent BMI (β = 0.39(0.14), p=0.006) and waist circumference (β = 1.00(0.35), p=0.005). These relationships remained significant when adjusting for behavioral and psychosocial covariates. There were no significant relationships observed between other parent stressors and adolescent BMI or waist circumference. Conclusion. These findings suggest parents’ exposure and appraisal of stressors related to community safety are associated with increased adolescent obesity in African American youth. Longitudinal, larger-scale studies are needed to better understand the mechanisms by which community safety may increase obesity risk in this ethnic minority pediatric population. This trail is registered with NCT02938663.

Enacting autism: Immigrant family negotiations with nosology in practice

This article describes how autism spectrum disorder is experienced in the context of immigrant families and how the meaning of this condition, proposed by professionals in the host country, is negotiated between families and healthcare providers. The study sample consists of 44 parents of different nationalities and their 35 children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) living in a socioeconomically deprived neighborhood of Montreal, Canada. Individual parent interviews were audiotaped and transcribed for subsequent analysis. Results suggest that – although they may sometimes be a source of anxiety – the uncertainties regarding the etiology of ASD, as well as the gap between the explanatory models (EMs) proposed by host country professionals and the impressions of parents, seem to increase the capacity of families to resist the imposition of what they perceive as external categories. Parents perceived the day-to-day difficulties associated with their child's condition as a form of social exclusion that compromised their child's future and independence. These day-to-day difficulties were also described as directly affecting the parents' social life, constituting an important emotional and physical burden. When talking about their children, parents described the painfulness of their experiences, but also discussed how their autistic child had transformed and shaped their lives. Overall, these results show how the disease is “enacted” in the day-to-day life of parents; and suggest that such an embodied understanding of ASD may sometimes represent a form of re-appropriation of power by families faced with adversity.