Examination of Consumption Expenditure Distribution among NUTS-2 Regions in 2007-2018 with GINI Coefficient

In this study, the distribution of 12 main expenditure categories included in the consumer price index (CPI) among NUTS-2 (Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics-2) regions is examined. The study covers the years 2007-2018. In the study, interregional consumption expenditure rates are identified with the Gini coefficient, which is a measure of inequality and the obtained consumption expenditure rates through the years are interpreted. The coefficients calculated for each expenditure category are important in terms of revealing the course of consumption behavior of households in Turkey over the years and reflecting the best and worst distribution at the NUTS-2 level. Findings regarding the expenditure categories show that the consumption behavior in Turkey in the relevant period is far from equal at the regional level. According to the findings, the expenditure category with the highest inequality at the NUTS-2 level is the food and non-alcoholic beverages category with an average Gini coefficient of 0.3031. The expenditure category with the highest equal distribution, on the other hand, is the education category with a Gini coefficient of 0.2307 according to the findings.

Population Number and Consumer Income and Expenditure Dynamics

The population issue is one of the most complex subjects to analyze since all the science dimensions are related to it in varied proportions. In this chapter, population is analyzed according to consumer income and expenditure. Both the dynamics and disparities among countries regarding population, income, and expenditure are studied and multiple analyses from different views are undertaken. Given the numerous categories of consumer expenditure, only the food and non-alcoholic beverage consumer expenditure category is researched, in this chapter, both from a general perspective and from a narrower viewpoint restricted to each class. Several forecasts of the consequences of increasing the rice, wheat, corn, and coffee consumption are made.

HUBUNGAN ASUPAN ENERGI, SERAT, DAN PENGELUARAN ENERGI DENGAN RASIO LINGKAR PINGGANG-PANGGUL (RLPP)

<p><em>The enhancement of WHR value which is one of abdominal obesity predictor is usually correlated with the rise of chronic disease risks because its relations with the metabolic syndrome. Dietary intake and energy expenditure factors may have the important role of balance energy that can increase WHR value. The aim of this study is to analyze correlation of energy expenditure, energy and fiber intake with waist hip ratio (WHR) of officers. This cross-sectional study was taken place at </em><em>PT. Pertamina (Persero) Semarang</em><em> with consecutive counted 55 sample. Energy and fiber intake was estimated by dietary food record 2 x 24 hour dan Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Quesionaire. While energy expenditure was counted by using form diary activity. Statistic correlation was calculated by </em><em>Statistic Package for the Social Science (SPSS)</em><em> for window. About 70,9% of total subject has abdominal obesity. The prevalence of abdominal obesity is higher in women (81,5%) than men (60,7%). The mean of energy intake is 2402.2 ± 319.68 Kcal. Obese subject has 7,2% higher energy intake than normal subject. About 40% subject has light energy expenditure category and 45,5% subject is belong to moderate energy expenditure category. About 96,4% subject has fiber intake less than 25 gram per day. The result of this study shows that energy intake has association with WHR(r = 0.455 ; p = 0.000). Fiber intake is inversely associated with WHR(r = -0.382 ; p = 0.004). Energy expenditure also has negative association with WHR(r = -0.268 ; p = 0.048). There are significantly correlation of energy expenditure, energy and fiber intake with WHR. </em></p>

Population Number and Consumer Income and Expenditure Dynamics

The population issue is one of the most complex subjects to analyze since all the science dimensions are related to it in varied proportions. In this chapter, population is analyzed according to consumer income and expenditure. Both the dynamics and disparities among countries regarding population, income, and expenditure are studied and multiple analyses from different views are undertaken. Given the numerous categories of consumer expenditure, only the food and non-alcoholic beverage consumer expenditure category is researched, in this chapter, both from a general perspective and from a narrower viewpoint restricted to each class. Several forecasts of the consequences of increasing the rice, wheat, corn, and coffee consumption are made.

Sugar Production, Consumption, and Consumer Expenditure Analysis

The paper examines, firstly, the connection among sugar production, sugar consumption and population number. Secondly, it highlights the relationship between sugar consumption and the weight of sugar and confectionery consumer expenditure in the food and non-alcoholic beverages consumer expenditure category as well as in disposable income. Two matrices of countries were proposed based on the sugar consumption and the weight of sugar and confectionery consumer expenditure in the food and non-alcoholic beverages consumer expenditure category and in disposable income levels. Thirdly, an analysis of sugar production, sugar consumption and population number dynamics of four most relevant countries was made, along with testing the correlation among sugar production, sugar consumption, and population number growth/decrease rates

Timber Management Costs in the Northern Region: A Historical Analysis

This study investigates three aspects of timber management (TM) costs in the Northern Region of the USDA Forest Service from 1960 to 1995. Total timber management costs and costs/unit of timber harvested were analyzed to determine: (1) trends in unit costs and their probable causes, (2) whether economies of scale existed in timber management over this period, and (3) the distribution of total cost changes geographically and among expenditure categories. Results indicate the prevailing factor behind the upward trend in unit costs was the decline in timber harvested (especially since 1990). Separation of TM unit costs into seven cost categories shows that from 1960 to 1980, road construction accounted for 50% of overall unit costs. After 1985, however, harvest design and administration expenditures replaced road construction as the dominant expenditure category. By 1995, harvest design and administration accounted for 26% of unit costs, while road construction's share had dropped to 13%. Other analysis found unit costs to decrease as the timber land base increased, indicating economies of scale in timber management. Finally, an examination of total timber management costs shows road construction (including reconstruction) was the largest contributor to both cost increases from 1960 to 1980 and decreases from 1980 to 1995. West. J. Appl. For. 14(4):200-207.