Langevin Equations, Fokker–Planck Equations and Entropic Analysis of a Model-Independent Classical Plasma

Plasma dynamics have been studied extensively and there is a fair amount of understanding where the scientific community has reached at. However, there is still a very big gap in completely explaining plasma physics at the classical as well as the quantum level. The dynamics of plasma from an entropic approach are not very well understood or explained. There is too much chaos to account for and even a small deviation in terms of perturbations of any kind makes a sizeable difference. This study is based on the entropic approach where we take a model independent classical plasma. Then we apply Langevin equations and Fokker–Planck equations to explain the entropy generated and entropy produced. Then we study various conditions in which we apply an electric field and a magnetic field and understand the various trends in entropy changes. When we apply the electric field and the magnetic fields independently of each other and together in the plasma model, we see that there is a very important change in the increase in entropy. There are also changes in the plasma flow, but the overall flow does not drastically change since we have considered a model independent plasma. Finally, we show that there are indeed changes to the entropy in a model-independent classical plasma in the various cases as mentioned in this study.

The Influence of Watershed Morphometry to River Discharge Variation (Case Study of Bengkulu Watershed, Indonesia)

Morphometric analysis in a watershed is a requirement in analyzing hydrological conditions in a watershed, because the properties of river networks and their relationship to each other will affect the condition of water resources in the watershed. This study aims to analyze the variations in the discharge of two rivers in the upper Bengkulu watershed and the morphometric aspects that influence it. For this reason, several morphometric aspects are calculated, such as the area of the watershed, circulation ratio, median elevation and slope. The results showed that the Rindu Hati River had a higher monthly discharge than the Susup River. The sizeable difference in discharge between the Rindu Hati and Susup Rivers is due more to differences in the size of the area. As is known, the total area of the Rindu Hati Sub-watershed is 184.2 km2, while the Susup Sub-watershed is 103.6 km2. With a large area, the Rindu Hati Subwatershed will be able to accommodate a large amount of rainwater as well.

Avoidance Conditioning in Wheel Box and Shuttle Box

Avoidance behavior in wheel box and shuttle box were compared in two experiments which tested the same rats in both apparatuses. Performance in the shuttle box was superior to performance in the wheel box for both male and female Sprague-Dawleys. The corresponding differences for the Long-Evans, though not significant, were in the opposite direction. Reactivity to shock was considered a possible explanation for the sizeable difference between the two strains in shuttle responding. High reactivity to shock was thought to inhibit avoidance learning in the shuttle but to facilitate learning in the wheel. The results, together with previous work, suggest that both apparatus variables and organismic variables, and their interaction, are important in avoidance behavior.