Anti-Russian Sanctions as a Prerequisite for Expanding International Scientific and Technical Cooperation with Asian Countries

The article describes the international scientific and technical cooperation (ISTC) of the Russian Federation with foreign states in the context of the anti-Russian sanctions. The research featured the political and economic anti-Russian sanctions that define the current cooperation in the scientific and technical field. The authors described the phenomenon of sanctions, their main types, reasons, specific features, etc., putting stress on the industrial and selective character, as well as on their indirect influence on Russian ISTC. There are no scientific and technological sanctions per se; however, the current political and economic sanctions keep affecting the ISTC sphere, e.g. inability to purchase and deliver reagents and high-tech equipment, to accept financing from foreign funds, etc. The sanctions manifest themselves as narrow scope of research projects, low academic mobility, etc. The two areas with appropriate mechanisms to counter the sanctions policy are political and legal. For instance, a diversified state policy could be developed to support ISTC. Public scientific diplomacy and an official vector of development might be of great help, in particular, the Asian vector of ISTC development. The authors believe ISTC should take place between the members of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. The legal counteraction mechanisms include issuing normative legal acts, suspension of international agreements in ISTC, counter-sanctions, and international arbitration.

Scientific Diplomacy as an Element of the Cold War

Book review: Wolfe A. 2018. Freedom’s Laboratory: The Cold War Struggle for the Soul of Sci- ence. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 312 p. ISBN: 9781421426730

RECENT DIPLOMACY AND THE MAIN DIRECTIONS OF SCIENTIFIC DIPLOMACY AS COMPONENTS OF KAZAKHSTAN’S FOREIGN POLICY

Due to the fact that the modern world is in the context of globalization, the development of the countries of the world is accompanied by a qualitative increase in technology in the field of science and technology, in connection with which, there is an internationalization of scientific developments, high-tech production, as well as competition between countries over the distribution of resources is intensifying, in terms of new developments and development in general. Cooperation in itself bears the potential of mutual assistance, joint solution of a set of international, scientific problems by the participating countries. For this reason, modern scientific cooperation is a consequence of well-built scientific diplomacy. Scientific diplomacy is called upon to promote the development of scientific cooperation; it is aimed at maintaining partner diplomatic relations, which, on the one hand, can use science to bring together interstate priorities, and, on the other hand, contribute to the development of science itself. The latest diplomacy has adopted scientific approaches and is actively solving modern challenges facing governments and countries. The article discusses the work of international organizations in the designated area of research, provides Kazakhstani experience in resolving the issue

Evolution of the Conceptual Foundations of Russian Scientific Diplomacy 1996-2016

The process of changing the conceptual foundations of Russian scientific diplomacy as an instrument of foreign policy and one of the forms of international scientific and technical cooperation over a twenty-year time span, the chronological boundaries of which are determined by the adoption of key strategic documents in this area, is examined. Based on the analysis of the regulatory framework, a sample of doctrinal sources related to the international aspects of the state scientific policy has been compiled. Through their analysis and parallel comparison with the Foreign Policy Concepts of the Russian Federation of 1993, 2000, 2008, 2013 and 2016, key transformations of the perception and vision of scientific diplomacy by decision-makers in the field are identified. Based on the results of the systematization of guidelines and value orientations reflected in the relevant political and determining documents, the periodization of the formation of scientific diplomacy was carried out with the identification of two stages. The first (1996 - mid-2000s) is characterized by a transition from a liberal paradigm to a realistic one, a certain politicization, and national interests at the forefront. The second stage (mid-2000s - 2016) is characterized by a reorientation to the economic dimension of international scientific and technical cooperation with a clear formation of scientific diplomacy as a concept in its modern form. It is shown that this evolution proceeded relatively smoothly in line with the objective changes in the international situation, Russia's position on the world stage, as well as adjustments to its foreign policy. Along with this, the role of E. M. Primakov as one of the ideological founders of modern Russian scientific diplomacy was identified and outlined.

Diplomasi Sains Komunitas Epistemik Jerman Dalam Meningkatkan Pembangunan Kolombia

This article discusses how the scientific diplomacy efforts undertaken by the German Epistemic Community in promoting Colombian development. The Epistemic Community is the liaison between the two countries in the hope of being able to contribute to a country's policy through science in dealing with various local and global issues and can also contribute to the development of Colombia. By using descriptive qualitative research methods along with the concept of epistemic community and scientific diplomacy, this study produced findings that the Science Diplomacy carried out by the German Epistemic Community in promoting development in Colombia manifested itself in the form of efforts to improve academic collaboration, support the implementation of academic activities within government agencies, and continue recommendations for the development of various aspects of science in the research sector related to development policy.