Anti-Russian Sanctions as a Prerequisite for Expanding International Scientific and Technical Cooperation with Asian Countries

The article describes the international scientific and technical cooperation (ISTC) of the Russian Federation with foreign states in the context of the anti-Russian sanctions. The research featured the political and economic anti-Russian sanctions that define the current cooperation in the scientific and technical field. The authors described the phenomenon of sanctions, their main types, reasons, specific features, etc., putting stress on the industrial and selective character, as well as on their indirect influence on Russian ISTC. There are no scientific and technological sanctions per se; however, the current political and economic sanctions keep affecting the ISTC sphere, e.g. inability to purchase and deliver reagents and high-tech equipment, to accept financing from foreign funds, etc. The sanctions manifest themselves as narrow scope of research projects, low academic mobility, etc. The two areas with appropriate mechanisms to counter the sanctions policy are political and legal. For instance, a diversified state policy could be developed to support ISTC. Public scientific diplomacy and an official vector of development might be of great help, in particular, the Asian vector of ISTC development. The authors believe ISTC should take place between the members of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. The legal counteraction mechanisms include issuing normative legal acts, suspension of international agreements in ISTC, counter-sanctions, and international arbitration.

Introduction to the problem of relevance

The author's aim is to provide some key introductory points to the reading of the topic of relevance. First, it should be stressed that the system of relevance provides access to all the «places» of Schutz's analyses, from the world of life to the theory of action, whether they concern the methodological, theoretical or «applied theory» dimensions. Moreover, the system of relevance can be understood as the pivot on which the entire Schutz's interpretative paradigm rotates. The system of relevance contains, at various degrees of articulation, the mechanism of the construction-interpretation of experience based on the principle of the «selective character of the spirit». Although the system (and the process that concerns it) is always understood as unitary, it is distinguished, for heuristic reasons, in three sub-systems: thematic, interpretative, motivational. Each of these, in turn, is articulated dichotomously into imposed versus intrinsic or «voluntary» relevance. The system thus manages to fathom deeply the different traits of the constitutive of experience.

Влияние механической вибрации на оптические свойства инфракрасных световодов состава AgCl-AgBr

The influence of mechanical vibrations on the optical transmission of infrared fibers of AgCl0.25Br0.75 and AgCl0.5Br0.5 within 30 hours was investigated. It was demonstrated, that vibration effects on the fibers leads to decrease of their transmittance. The selective character of infrared fiber transmission in wavelength ranges 2.0–4.0 μm and 6.0–9.0 μm was found.

Policy vs practice: The use, implementation and enforcement of human rights clauses in the European Union’s international trade agreements

In the mid-1990s, the EU adopted a general policy of including human rights clauses in all of its international trade agreements. Through these human rights clauses, in addition to other tools such as Human Rights Dialogue and sanctions, the EU seeks to promote the protection of human rights in its external relations. There are, however, some issues arising regarding the content, use, implementation and activation of these clauses. Not only do human rights clauses in different agreements vary in wording and scope, but also the actual implementation and enforcement by the EU differ from case to case, raising questions as to the selective character and the consistency of the EU’s action and, consequently, as to the EU’s credibility as a normative international actor. The main deficiencies in this regard are the selective and at times inconsistent inclusion and activation of human rights clauses, as shown by an examination of the EU’s agreements and their implementation and enforcement in practice. This article examines human rights clauses in the EU’s international trade agreements and the implementation and enforcement thereof, in order to shed light on the promises and pitfalls of the EU’s human rights efforts.

Implicit meanings: the addressee orientation in a communicative triad

The article presents the authors' insights concerning the problem of implicit meanings in its historic, cultural and linguistic aspects, as well as the needs of participants of communication in creating special conditions for interpretation and understanding of the message. The aim of the article is to introduce the notion of a communicative triad and its main constituents, such as “a proper addressee” and “a side participant'. Much attention is given to special means of creating informational insufficiency, i.e. erasing the connection between the significant and the signified (code mismatching), ambiguous pronoun reference, reference to the content of the shared experience. Of special interest are the cases where the targeted recipient of communication receives a semiotic complication of the utterance, as well as the metonymic transference based on the connection between what a speaker produces and the reality the proper addressee perceives. The following conclusion is drawn: all the described mechanisms are viewed as realization of a most essential property of human communication, i.e. its selective character which is achieved through various kinds of transformations of the reported utterance, so that it reaches its proper addressee in the form and size that would correspond to the communicative interests of the speaker.

REGIONS WITH HIGH CONCENTRATION OF SINGLE-INDUSTRY TOWNS: PROBLEMS OF DATA QUALITY IMPROVEMENT

With all the diversity of studies of single-industry towns’ development problems, little attention has been given to the quality of statistical data: neither the selective character of official statistics nor the difference between a single-industry town and a municipality are taken into account. The latter makes it impossible to use mathematical methods to simulate the spatial development of towns. The purpose of the current research is to identify the problems of assessment for regions with high concentration of monotowns and to introduce some ways of improving the quality of data by using the case of the Kemerovo region. Research methods include collection and grouping of data on the single-industry towns of the Kemerovo region taking into account the administrative-territorial division of the region, the construction of the logarithmic model of distribution of cities and towns according to the «rank-size» rule and evaluation compliance of the received distribution with the Zipf rule. As a result of research, the author proposes directions of improvement of data on towns and obtained results. In particular, the study specifies the conformity of Kuzbass towns to the Zipf law. The results can be applied in the field of forecasting and management of single-industry towns’ development at the regional level.

ECOLOGIA TROFICA DE Mugil curema, M. incilis y M. liza (PISCES: MUGILIDAE) EN LA CIENAGA GRANDE DE SANTA MARTA, CARIBE COLOMBIANO. I. ANALISIS CUALITATIVO Y CUANTITATIVO

A comparative study has been carried out considering qualitative and quantitative aspects of the stomach contents ofMugil curema, M. inci/is and M. liza in the Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta. The percentages of meiobenthic invertebrates in the stomach contents of M. inci/is and M. liza was high in the low salinity period, and decreased with the increase in salinity, when M. curema appeared in the Ciénaga. This species has basically vegetarian diet, eating mainly benthic diatoms; M. liza showed a detritic diet though markedly influenced by accompaning bottom meiofauna and M. incilis the most balanced diet compared to that of the other spe- * cies. Mean particle size found in theÿtomach contents were 163 nm in M. curema, 229 nm in M. incilis and 401xnm in M. liza, thus confirming a selective character in its ingestion.

Ser Macho y Jugar al Rugby. Estudio sobre Masculinidades y Sociabilidad entre Hombres de Sectores Dominantes de la Ciudad de La Plata

The central problem to discuss in this article is the construction of masculinities among a group of men who practice rugby as a sport associated with a distinctive and selective character (related to class position) in the city of La Plata, and in Argentina. From an ethnographic approach –fundamentally- the representations that a group of rugby players has on their own practice, on their ways of being and acting like a man will be analyzed. The hypothesis of this work is that rugby is a space of moral, social and cultural distinction in La Plata, and a place where a dominant male model is produced and reproduced, where the exaltation of virility is an attribute showed positively between the group of men who try, at all times, to keep their manliness; it is the guarantee to support legacy linked to gender and the way of establishing a different space of sociability and distinctive. Strength, vigor, courage and bravery articulate the imaginary of a <em>real man</em> in the field of rugby in Argentina.

ARE THE NEOTROPICAL SWAMP FORESTS A DISTINGUISHABLE FOREST TYPE? PATTERNS FROM SOUTHEAST AND SOUTHERN BRAZIL

This work synthesises information about plant diversity of 37 sites of coastal and inland swamp forests of southeast and southern Brazil and investigates floristic similarities and differences among them. Swamp forests often show low species richness, diversity and evenness, which are associated with the selective character of oxygen deprivation caused by soil waterlogging. However, our results pointed out some degree of site-level variation (Sobs = 5 to 110; Sjack1 = 6 to 151; H′ = 0.82 to 3.98; J′ = 0.51 to 0.87) related to local ecological conditions. Two major phytogeographical patterns emerged from our work: the strong influence of the neighbouring non-flooded vegetation on the flora of swamp forests and its high spatial heterogeneity. At least 85.9% of the 518 species sampled are found in neighbouring non-flooded vegetation. A correspondence analysis consistently separated swamp forests of the coastal plain from those of the plateau. A Mantel test indicated a significant correlation between floristic and geographical distances among sites (r = 0.45; p = 0.001), and highlighted the main effect of regional-scale changes in the flora of swamp forests. We conclude that swamp forests of southeast and southern Brazil cannot be considered a distinguishable floristic unit.

Lead, Cadmium, Zinc, and Copper Bioavailability in the Soil-Plant-Animal System in a Polluted Area

A comparative research study on the bioavailability of Pb, Cd, Zn, and Cu in the soil-plant-animal-system was carried out. The connection between the total quantity and the mobile forms of Pb, Cd, Zn, and Cu in soils with different levels of contamination; the transition of these metals into rapeseed; and their assimilation by rabbits fed with a food that consisted mainly of rapeseed was studied. It was established that the absorption of heavy metals by the rapeseed definitely has a selective character, as the affinity towards Zn is most strongly expressed. The accumulation of Pb, Cd, Zn, and Cu in the organs of the rapeseed occurs in the following order: inflorescences > leaves > stems. A direct connection between the quantity of the mobile forms and their accumulation in the plants was not found. The environmental contamination has a significant effect on heavy metal levels and distribution, as the largest quantity of all four elements is accumulated in the kidneys and liver. A well-expressed impact of the level of Cd contamination on the absorption of essential trace metals (Zn and Cu) and their accumulation into some of the organs of the animals was found.