EFEKTIVITAS PESTISIDA ORGANIK EKSTRAK KULIT JERUK NIPIS TERHADAP KEMATIAN JANGKRIK

Pestisida organik adalah pestisida yang bahan dasarnya berasal dari tumbuhan yang bersifat mudah terurai di alam. Salah satu tumbuhan yang dapat dijadikan bahan baku pembuatan pestisida organik adalah kulit jeruk nipis. Kulit jeruk dapat berpotensi menjadi repellent karena mengandung minyak atsiri dengan komponen limonene, mirsen, linalool, oktanal, decanal, sitronelol, neral, geraniol, valensen dan sinensial. Linalool, sitronelol dan geraniol termasuk senyawa yang bersifat repellent terhadap serangga (arthropoda). Pengunaan bahan alami dari ekstrak kulit jeruk diharapkan lebih aman jika dibandingkan dengan bahan kimia Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethane (DDT). Proses pembuatan pestisida organik dilakukan dengan ekstraksi maserasi menggunakan ethanol sebagai pelarut. Dalam penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh variabel terhadap hasil pengujian pestisida organic terhadap jangkrik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pada konsentrasi pestisida organic 5% didapatkan prosentase kematian jangkrik 72%, pada konsentrasi 15% didapatkan prosen kematian jangkrik 80%, dan pada konsentrasi 25% didapatkan prosen kematian jangkrik 88%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa adanya pengaruh terhadap perbedaan konsentrasi pestisida organic terhadap kematian jangkrik. Kata kunci: jeruk nipis, maserasi, pestisida organik AbstractOrganic pesticides are pesticides whose basic ingredients come from plants that are easily biodegradable in nature. One of the plants that can be used as raw material for making organic pesticides is lime peel. Orange peel can potentially be a repellent because it contains essential oils with components of limonene, mirsen, linalool, octanal, decanal, citronellol, neral, geraniol, valensen and sinensial. Linalool, citronellol and geraniol are compounds that are repellent to insects (arthropoda). The use of natural ingredients from orange peel extract is expected to be safer when compared to the chemical Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethane (DDT). The process of making organic pesticides is done by maceration extraction using ethanol as a solvent. This study aims to determine the effect of variables on the results of testing organic pesticides on crickets. The results showed that at 5% organic pesticide concentration, 72% of crickets died, at 15%, 80% of crickets died, and at 25%, 88% of crickets died. The results showed that there was an effect on differences in the concentration of organic pesticides on the mortality of crickets.. Keywords: lime, maceration, organic pesticide

Impact of Organic Micropollutants Causing Mass Mortality of the Clams (Mactra aequisulcata) Due to Charactersitic Distribution at Karachi Coast, Pakistan

Mass mortality of bivalve clams along with some other marine fauna was observed during the month of May 2016, mainly consisting of the clams (Mactra aequisulcata) of family Veneridae surfaced over the Clifton coast. The occurrence of mass mortality of the venerid clams Mactra aequisulcata and other marine life has been studied due to the toxicity of chlorinated hydrocarbons (DDTs, HCHs, hexa chloro benzene (HCB), chlordane, dieldrin (4-chlorophenyl), methanol (TCPMOH) and heptachlor epoxide and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Significant compositional characteristics of PCBs and DDTs were found in all dead clams and other fauna including fish (Johnius carutta), crabs (Portunus pelagicus), gastropods (Babylonia spirata), bivalves (Anadara antiquata), (Mactra aequisulcata) and the pen shell (Atrina pectinata) from Karachi coast, Pakistan. Mean concentrations (ranges) of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in crab (Portunus pelagicus) and fish samples were 1.1 (<0.01-1.5), 0.22 (<0.01-1.1) and 0.14 (<0.01-1.3) /µg/g. Those in, bivalves (Anadara antiquata) and pen shell (Atrina pectinata), clams (Mactra aequisulcata) were 0.09 (<0.02-1.2), 0.22 (<0.02-1.3) /µg and 0.13 (<0.01-0.27), respectively. The heptachlor epoxide was found in highest concentration in clam samples (25.00 ± 30.92) µg/g, (wet weight) however, in bivalves, (2.30 µg/g, (wet weight), which were higher than those in other gastropods. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) concentrations were also measured in the same samples of gastropods (Babylonia spirata), fish (Johnius carutta), crab (Portunus pelagicus), clams (Mactra aequisulcata), bivalves (Anadara antiquata) and the pen shell (Atrina pectinata) to determine the possible cause of mass mortality. The DDT to metabolites (DDD & DDE) concentration ratios exceeded upto 1.0 in the sessile fauna that is clams (Mactra aequisulcata) and the pen shell (Atrina pectinata) from Karachi coast. These organisms also exhibited dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane (DDT) inputs, whereas dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane (DDD) was found to be in degraded component and PCBs were generally in low concentrations. The concentrations of DDTs were higher than the ERL guidelines in the coastal areas of Karachi, suggesting that there is potential of ecological risk present in the prevailing environment.

Pemanfaatan Arang Aktif dalam Pengendalian Residu Pestisida di Tanah: Prospek dan Masalahnya

<strong>Abstrak</strong>. Penggunaan pestisida di Indonesia telah dimulai sejak tahun 1965, jenis pestisida yang banyak digunakan adalah jenis organoklorin, antara lain <em>Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethane</em> (DDT) dan lindan. Saat ini pestisida yang umum digunakan adalah jenis organofosfat, karbamat dan piretroid. Dari jenis-jenis pestisida tersebut, yang paling toksik dan persisten adalah jenis organoklorin. Dampak dari penggunaan pestisida adalah dapat tertinggalnya pestisida tersebut di dalam tanah bahkan di dalam produk pertanian dalam jangka waktu tertentu (residu pestisida), sehingga berpotensi membahayakan lingkungan dan manusia karena bersifat toksik. Dampak negatif residu pestisida di dalam tanah adalah terbunuhnya biota-biota penting di dalam tanah seperti cacing tanah. Bila residu pestisida di tanah tersebut terbawa air dan masuk ke sungai, maka biota air atau ikan-ikan yang ada terancam mati. Bilamana residu pestisida di tanah tersebut diserap ke dalam produk pertanian, maka manusia sebagai konsumen produk tersebut ditengarai akan terstimulus kanker hingga EDs (terganggunya hormon endokrin). Beberapa peneliti telah melakukan penelitian untuk mengatasi masalah residu di tanah dengan memanfaatkan limbah pertanian seperti tempurung kelapa, bonggol jagung dan sekam padi sebagai bahan dasar pembuatan arang aktif. Arang aktif ini diketahui memiliki kemampuan daya serap yang tinggi terhadap pencemar residu pestisida dan disenangi oleh mikroba pendegradasi sebagai tempat tinggal dan berkembang biak<em>.</em>

Sintesis dan Karakterisasi Grafena dengan Metode Reduksi Grafit Oksida Menggunakan Pereduksi Zn

Graphene is a thin material, has a hexagonal two-dimentional lattice and is considered as an interesting material for adsorption process. Nowadays, graphene has been known as a potential material for diverse application, such as adsorbent. In this study graphene was synthesized from graphite. Furthermore, graphene was applied for adsorption of dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane (DDT). Graphene was synthesized by Hummer’s method using hydrothermal and reduced by Zn. The samples were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) methods. The results of the XRD showed graphene structure in the 2θ, appeared at 23.9369 with interlayer spacing was about 3.71763 Å, compared with graphite oxide structure in the 2θ appeared at 11.2055 with interlayer spacing was about 7.89649 Å. The results of SEM analysis showed graphene has one layer with planar hexagonal structure and seems transparent whose single layer and multi layers. The graphene adsorption was analyzed by using the UV-Visible spectrophotometer. The results indicated the surface area of graphene was shown as 46.8563 m2/g. The amount of DDT adsorbed by graphene during 15 minutes was 7.5859 mg/g. This adsorption mechanism of DDT and graphene might be due to π-π and hydrogen interactions. Keywords: Adsorption, dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane (DDT), graphena. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/jkv.v2i1.2233

Minyak Atsiri sebagai Bahan Aktif Konservasi Benda Cagar Budaya

Konservasi dengan mencegah kerusakan benda cagar budaya akibat tumbuhnya bakteri, lumut, jamur, dan mikroorganisme sangat perlu untuk dilakukan. Konservasi BCB selama ini menggunakan bahan kimia berbahaya seperti 5-bromo-3-sec-butyl-6-methyluracil (Hyvar-X), xylophene, aldrin, malathion, parathion, DDT (Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethane) dan CCA (Chromated Copper Arsenat). Bahan kimia berbahaya tersebut dapat dilakukan penggantian dengan menggunakan bahan alam yang berupa minyak atsiri, yang diambil dari tanaman sereh wangi, cengkeh, pala, jahe karena mengandung zat-zat aktif seperti sitronelal, sitronelol, geraniol, eugenol, cineol, dan camphene yang dapat membasmi, membunuh, dan mengusir serangga, bakteri, dan jamur. Penggunaan minyak atsiri sebagai bahan konservasi BCB aman terhadap lingkungan, manusia, dan mampu mencegah kerusakan BCB.