Universal language, local accent: Music and song in the early talking film

With dialogue in early talkies complicating international product exchange, the film industry cherished the notion of music as a ‘universal language’. But this music required degrees of translation, both in the literal textual sense and in the matter of adapting ‘foreign’ customs, cultural and social, and musical styles. This chapter explores the issues principally through case studies of five key singing stars of early American and European sound films: Al Jolson, Maurice Chevalier, Carlos Gardel, Marlene Dietrich, and Richard Tauber. German producer Erich Pommer’s goal of combining universal appeal and nationalistic attractions, most evident in the multilingual Congress Dances, is also explored. After the mid-1930s, film music’s universal language significantly changed in response to technical developments, Hollywood’s solidified world power, and its development of a pervasive orchestral soundtrack style partly shaped by exiled European composers. European elements and local accents remained, but were now subsumed in a global American product.

Intensity of growth and development of rainbow trout using feeds Aller Aqua and Aquafeed Fischfutter

Due to the rapid development of feed since the early 1990's, efficiency has increased dramatically. The effectiveness is achieved by increasing energy levels, reducing the level of carbohydrates and balancing various nutrients that meet the needs of fish. Improvement of efficiency should be taken into account when determining the amount of ration feeding. The economic efficiency of growing fish depends largely on proper feeding. The feed should be dosed depending on its formulation and size, the physiological state of the fish, the temperature of water and the content of oxygen in it. Salmon fish are demanding oxygen treatment. The content of oxygen in water should be at least 7 mg/l. At a lower oxygen level, the growth of fish is suppressed, and the effectiveness of food is reduced. The optimum temperature of water for growing salmon fish is 14–18 °С. Excessive feeding leads to unproductive feed costs and water pollution, insufficient feeding leads to incomplete realization of potential opportunities for the rate of growth of fish. The quantity of the daily ration is established taking into account the temperature of water and the mass of fish. Depending on their state, activity and conditions of maintenance, it can fluctuate within ± 20% of the norm. In addition, high fertility densities, unsanitary conditions, illness, low water exchange rates, low oxygen content in water affect the efficiency of feeding in trout farms. Due to the fact that the cost of forage for trout is up to 60% of all costs for its cultivation, the problem of it rational use and saving is at the forefront. When feeding trout it is necessary to take into account that the size of granules for young fish in the length of 4–20 cm should be from 2.2 to 2.6% of the body length (according to Smith), which corresponds to the size of the mouth and the distance between the gill stamens in rainbow trout. Fish is best fed often in small portions. The smaller the fish, the more often feeding. Going on a feed of another size or type should be gradually over 3–5 days. If necessary, it is necessary to use special therapeutic granulated food or a mixture of therapeutic ingredients to add to the wet granules. It is necessary to create optimal conditions for growing and to carry out constant monitoring of water temperature and its fluctuations, oxygen content in water, pH, atmospheric pressure, etc. It is necessary to follow the rules of storage of forages, taking into account that the quality of feed after being stored for more than 3 months is deteriorating. This happens. It may be caused by poor water quality or disease. In order for the fish to get used to a particular feeding regime, it is recommended to do feed it at the same time. Today, the diversity of feeds allows you to get a better feed rate, fast growth and a minimal impact on the environment under different conditions, since the need of fish in nutrients is fully covered by feeds (energy, protein, minerals and vitamins). The use of Aller Aqua feed guarantees receiving of a strong, healthy fish, thus providing good economic performance to farms. The basis of the research is the analysis of the nutritional value of the feeds of the company Aquafeed Fishsfutter of the German producer and Aller Aqua of the Danish company in the production conditions on the farm of the Western Fish Company PP of Peremyshlyany district, Lviv region. Also we should study fodder, their composition and carry out an objective assessment. It is known that fodder of foreign producers are characterized by higher energy value due to increased fat content, which is achieved by application of the appropriate technology and equipment for vacuum desiccation. For example, Aller Aqua's salmon-based compound feed for protein levels 40–46% contains 15 to 32% lipids and 23–24 MJ/kg of gross energy. Due to the high energy value, these feeds allow to provide the growth of fish at low feed costs. The aim of the work was to analyze the impact of different producers of feed fodder for commodity groups of trout on their growth and the development and receipt of quality commodity products in short terms.

A multi-country Salmonella Enteritidis phage type 14b outbreak associated with eggs from a German producer: ‘near real-time’ application of whole genome sequencing and food chain investigations, United Kingdom, May to September 2014

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Commercially Used Sulphate Binders Based on Anhydrite

The work was devoted to the analysis of a commercially manufactured binder imported from Germany which is supposed to represent a natural anhydrite according to the accompanying documentation, industrially modified by hydration process activating agents. A similar analysis of the anhydrite binder commercially manufactured in Germany was carried out at the very beginning of investigation into the given problem. In the introductory study of applied research engaged in the feasibility of preparation of self-levelling mixes based on anhydrite binder, a specimen binder made by a German producer declared as a purely anhydrite binder, was analysed. However, it was found out by the analyses performed that this binder is a premium quality -gypsum according to all manifestations by a modified liquefying and retarding agent, possibly by other compounds. Due to potential changes that may have occurred since the initial study in the composition of the so-called anhydrite binders, exploration of composition of the binders currently used in the Czech Republic for preparation of self-levelling mixtures was carried out in this part of the experimental work. The exploration detected that the composition of the binding phase is the matter of know-how for the majority of companies, and as a result, the only one sample of binder has been obtained so far from the company which reserved their anonymity for this work.

Selected characteristics of the wholefood market

The paper deals with characteristics of branch with products of ecological agriculture in Czech Republic. Present state of crop and animal production on ecological farms is analyzed. Paper is also focused on analysing distribution channels of organic products.To the most often manufactured organic products belong according to dominate activities of producers meat processing, producing bake, confectioner and other floury products (mainly fresh pastry), milk processing, production of dairy commodities and cheese and fruit and vegetables. In the last few years the number of wine manufacturer is rising. Second important category for development of market with organic products are distributors or subjects, who set afloat wholefood or organic products including import and export without whatever further processing. In terms of marketed organic products and wholefood, sale of animal organic products dominates above crop. In terms of sharing main categories of ecologicaly cropped growns in the Czech Republic, the biggest share have legumes processed for corns and vegetables. The most important category in ecological agriculture in animal production is explicitly beef-raising. In comparison with the end of 2008 number of wholefood producers increased up of 14 percents, which means retardation in comparison with the growth between the years 2007 and 2008. Leading position on the market with offered wholefood has the drug-store chain dm. It offered more than 488 organic products in September 2010. With a big distance Globus follows this drug-store chain with 341 organic products and then are all nets of hypermarkets. According to the shares of particular suppliers dm drug-store market is found on the top, which supplies its shops with wholefood of german producer Alnatura. In the second place there is the company Pro-bio and in the third place is the supplier of infantile nutrition HiPP Czech. One possibility for launching organic products into the market are very favorite so called suppliers’ packets (in Czech Republic the term boxes is used). Consumers can order fresh fruit and vegetables directly by the producer on his web sites. The producer packs the packet according to the consumers’ needs and he supplies it once a week to the consumer’s home or to another address. The producers, who offer these supplier packets, supplement their offer of exotic fruits or products of their partner producers, for making their offer more attractive. The highest demand of boxes is in big cities. The paper is a part of solution of the research plan of FBE MENDELU in Brno, No. 6215648904.