Perspectives on Salmon Aquaculture: Current Status, Challenges and Genetic Improvement for Future Growth

With an estimated global value of US$15.6 billion, farmed salmonids represent a precious food resource, which is also the fastest increasing food producing industry with annual growth of 7% in production. A total average of 3,594,000 metric tonnes was produced in 2020, behind Chinese and Indian carps, tilapias and catfishes. Lead producers of farmed salmonids are Norway, Chile, Faroe, Canada and Scotland, stimulated by increasing global demand and market. However, over the last 2 years, production has been declining, occasioned by effects of diseases as well as rising feed costs. Over the last year, production has declined sharply due to effects of covid-19. This chapter reviews the species in culture, systems of culture, environmental footprints of salmon culture, and market trends in salmon culture. Burden of diseases, especially Infectious pancreatic Necrosis, Infectious salmon anemia and furunculosis, as well as high cost of feed formulation, key challenges curtailing growth of the salmon production industry, are discussed. A review is made of the international salmon genome sequencing effort, selective breeding for disease resistance, and the use of genomics to mitigate challenges of diseases that stifle higher production of salmonids globally.

Current Perspectives on Achieving Pronounced Enteric Methane Mitigation From Ruminant Production

Limiting global warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels by 2050 requires achieving net zero emissions of greenhouse gases by 2050 and a strong decrease in methane (CH4) emissions. Our aim was to connect the global need for mitigation of the emissions of greenhouse gases and enteric CH4 from ruminant production to basic research on the biological consequences of inhibiting rumen methanogenesis in order to better design strategies for pronounced mitigation of enteric CH4 production without negative impacts on animal productivity or economic returns. Ruminant production worldwide has the challenge of decreasing its emissions of greenhouse gases while increasing the production of meat and milk to meet consumers demand. Production intensification decreases the emissions of greenhouse gases per unit of product, and in some instances has decreased total emissions, but in other instances has resulted in increased total emissions of greenhouse gases. We propose that decreasing total emission of greenhouse gases from ruminants in the next decades while simultaneously increasing meat and milk production will require strong inhibition of rumen methanogenesis. An aggressive approach to pronounced inhibition of enteric CH4 emissions is technically possible through the use of chemical compounds and/or bromoform-containing algae, but aspects such as safety, availability, government approval, consumer acceptance, and impacts on productivity and economic returns must be satisfactorily addressed. Feeding these additives will increase the cost of ruminant diets, which can discourage their adoption. On the other hand, inhibiting rumen methanogenesis potentially saves energy for the host animal and causes profound changes in rumen fermentation and post-absorptive metabolism. Understanding the biological consequences of methanogenesis inhibition could allow designing strategies to optimize the intervention. We conducted meta-regressions using published studies with at least one treatment with >50% inhibition of CH4 production to elucidate the responses of key rumen metabolites and animal variables to methanogenesis inhibition, and understand possible consequences on post-absorptive metabolism. We propose possible avenues, attainable through the understanding of biological consequences of the methanogenesis inhibition intervention, to increase animal productivity or decrease feed costs when inhibiting methanogenesis.

Potensi Maggot (Black Soldier Fly) sebagai Pakan Ternak di Desa Miri Kecamatan Kismantoro Wonogiri

<p><em><strong>Potential of Maggot (Black Soldier Fly) as Animal Feed in Miri Village Kismantoro Wonogiri.</strong> </em>Cultivation of chicken and catfish was a field of business that was mostly carried out by residents of Miri Village, Kismantoro District, Wonogiri Regency. The high component of feed costs results in low profits. So far, farmers still rely on pellets as the main feed for their livestock. Alternative feeds in the form of Black Soldier Fly (BSF) larvae or maggot were well known to residents, but only a few residents had ever used maggot as feed. Residents had never received education and training on maggot cultivation. This activity aims to increase the knowledge and skills of Miri Village residents in maggot cultivation, the dependence of farmers on artificial feed can be reduced and replaced with feed from maggot cultivation. Activities carried out in the service consist of socialization and training on maggot cultivation. The socialization was in the form of exposure to the benefits and propagation of maggots, while the training materials were the practice of catching eggs, maintaining maggots, and harvesting maggots. The results of the activity showed an increase in participants' knowledge regarding maggot cultivation by 21.32%. The participants also showed interest in carrying out practical activities. The benefits of BSF cultivation include reducing household waste, producing maggots as animal feed, and producing organic fertilizer.</p>

The Potential of Using Temperate–Tropical Crossbreds and Agricultural by-Products, Associated with Heat Stress Management for Dairy Production in the Tropics: A Review

The demand and consumption of dairy products are expected to increase exponentially in developing countries, particularly in tropical regions. However, the intensification of dairy production to meet this increasing demand has its challenges. The challenges ranged from feed costs, resources, and their utilization, as well as the heat stress associated with rearing temperate–tropical crossbred cattle in the tropics. This article focused on key nutritional and environmental factors that should be considered when temperate–tropical crossbred cattle are used in the tropics. The article also describes measures to enhance the utilization of regional feed resources and efforts to overcome the impacts of heat stress. Heat stress is a major challenge in tropical dairy farming, as it leads to poor production, despite the genetic gains made through crossbreeding of high production temperate cattle with hardy tropical animals. The dependence on imported feed and animal-man competition for the same feed resources has escalated feed cost and food security concerns. The utilization of agricultural by-products and production of stable tropical crossbreds will be an asset to tropical countries in the future, more so when scarcity of feed resources and global warming becomes a closer reality. This initiative has far-reaching impacts in the tropics and increasingly warmer areas of traditional dairying regions in the future.

Influence of light wavelength on viability and reproductive function of hens

The article presents the results of influence of monochrome light with different light wavelengths on the hens’ viability and productivity. For this purpose, in the conditions of a modern complex for production of food eggs in a poultry house with an area of 2915 m2, 4 groups of hens of the industrial herd “Hy-Line W-36” were formed, each of which was kept in a separate poultry house similar in area and cage equipment. Each poultry house was equipped with “Big Dutchman” cage batteries, consisting of 1176 cages with an area of 40544 cm2. The differences between the poultry houses applied only to LED lamps. Hens of the 1st group were kept using LED lamps with a peak light wavelength of 458 nm (blue color of the spectrum), the 2nd group – 603 nm (yellow color of the spectrum), the 3rd group – 632 nm (orange color of the spectrum) and 4 groups – 653 nm (red color of the spectrum). Every day, for 34 weeks of the productive period (up to 52 weeks of age), the number of eggs laid by the laying hens of each group was determined. The number of hatched hens (due to death and culling) was also counted daily and the number of livestock was determined. Once a week, the weight of eggs and live weight of laying hens were measured from certain labeled cages. It was found that the reduction of the wavelength of light during the keeping of hens in the cages of multi-tiered batteries affects their viability and reproductive function. The decrease in the peak wavelength from 653 to 632 nm, which was manifested by a change in the color of light from red to orange, was accompanied by a decrease in the preservation by 0.3 %, body weight – by 0.8 %, egg laying on the initial laying – by 3.1 %, egg-laying per average laying hen – by 2.8 % and feed costs – by 0.2 %. The decrease in the peak wavelength to 603 nm, that is the change in the color of light from red and orange to yellow, was accompanied by a decrease in the preservation by 6.4–6.7 %, body weight – by 0.5–1.3 %, egg production by initial laying hen – by 7.1–10.0 %, laying hens on the average laying hen – by 0.4–3.2 % and feed costs – by 2.0–2.1 %. The decrease in the peak wavelength to 458 nm, that is the change in light color from red, orange and yellow to blue, was accompanied by a decrease in the preservation by 3.2–9.9 %, body weight – by 5.2–6.5 %, laying hens per initial laying hen – by 6.4–15.8 %, laying hens per middle laying hen – by 2.9–6.0 % and feed costs – by 1.0–3.1 %.

Productivity of quails for use in fodder of polyphenol carbon complex from antarctic black yeast Nadsoniella nigra

In the article, results of researches on an establishment of an optimum level of polyphenolic carbon complex from Antarctic black yeast Nadsoniella nigra are resulted. Experimental studies conducted in terms of problem research laboratory of feed additives National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine. Independent experiment was conducted with growing quails. We conducted a randomized block experiment with 4 treatments, each with 4 replicates of 30 growing birds (1 to 42 d of age). It was experimentally established that feeding quails polyphenolcarbonate complex from antarctic black yeast Nadsoniella nigra, the basis of which is melanin, in the compound feed at 1.0 mg/kg increased body weight at 42 days of age by 3.2 % (P < 0.001). Feeding the complex at the level of 0.5 mg/kg contributed to a probable increase in body weight of animals by 2.9 % (P < 0.001). The difference between animals of groups 3 and 4 was 0.3 %. This indicates an already effective dose of the complex at the level of 0.5 mg/kg of feed. Adding to the feed complex at the level of 0.1–1.0 mg/1 kg of feed helps to reduce feed costs by 0.6–1.6 %. The most effective feed conversion for the 1–42-day period is set at 3,345 kg per 1 kg of body weight gain of quails.

Silicon-based natural zeolites in feeding store pigs

To realize the genetic potential of pig productivity and balance diets, it is perhaps to use various additives, including silicon-containing zeolite trepel. The novelty of the work - the use of zeolite in feeding as a preventive and therapeutic additive allows you to increase productivity and reduce the cost of feed and feed costs compared to similar additives. For the experiment, 4 recipes of mixed feeds were developed: one without the content of zeolite trepel and 3 with 3, 4, 5% of this additive. It is proved that the best dose of this drug is 3% of the mass of feed. It was found that the body weight gain in II group increased by 13.5%, in III group by 7.2%, and in IV group decreased by 4.41% compared to the control group. The addition of silicon-containing zeolite in the II and III experimental groups did not affect the consumption of mixed feed, and in the IV experimental group, a decrease in the consumption of mixed feed was observed. Feed consumption in the I, III and IV experimental groups decreased by 12.1%, 6.7% and 0.3%.

Use of virginiamycin improves performance of high-prolific sows during gestation and lactation over two cycles

Feed additives can be used as potential strategies to enhance the efficiency of nutrient utilization by the sow can impact on the reduction of feed costs and in addition improve sow and litter health. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of the supplementation of virginiamycin (VM) in diets for gestating and lactating sows over two consecutive productive cycles on the animals productive and reproductive performance. Sows that received VM showed a lower BW, body protein and energy losses during both lactations when compared to control sows (P = 0.001). VM treatment increased (+6%; P = 0.001) piglet weaning weight. The litter daily gain was also influenced (P = 0.001) by the treatments were litters from VM fed sows showed an improved daily gain when compared to control sows (2.61 vs. 2.24 kg d-1 respectively). Average daily milk production improved by 17% (P = 0.001) in the VM sows when compared with the control. Also, an improvement in milk fatty acid profiles were found in sows fed VM. As a conclusion, we can infer that the constant use of VM in the diets of sows during gestation and lactation improves both sow and litter performance.

Pisciculture, biological and physiological indicators of age–1+ carp while adding naked oats into main feeding

The influence of naked oats on pisciculture, biological, hematological and biochemical parameters of commercial carp groups, as one of the components of the feed mixture in different ratios has been studied in the article. The aim of the experiment was to increase the fish productivity of ponds and to reduce feed costs for cultivation by meeting the physiological needs of commercial carp groups when using naked oats in carp feeding. The object of the study was age–1+ carps of Lubin scaly and framed intra-breed type of Ukrainian carp breed. For this purpose, three experimental groups of fish were formed by the method of analogues. Fish of the first experimental group (from July 1) were additionally introduced 30% of naked oats into the main diet, the fish of the second experimental group - 50% of naked oats, the third group was fed a feed mixture without added oats. As a result of the research done, it is proved that the addition of a mixture of naked oats has a positive effect on fish biological and physiological parameters of commercial carp. It was found out that the most effective is the additional feeding of naked oats in the amount of 30%. In particular, when the very amount of naked oats is added to the basic diet, the total fish productivity indicator increases by 7.7% relative to the control pond indicators, and feed costs are lower by 16.7%. The amount of hemoglobin in the blood of the first experimental group was higher relative to the control group, and the number of erythrocytes was significantly higher (P> 0.01). However, in the carp serum of the first experimental group the level of superoxide dismutase (P> 0.02) significantly increased while the level of catalase decreased.