Epidemiological Distinctive Survey Of Children With Acute Respiratory Tract Infections In Some Selected Hospitals Of Katsina Metropolis, Nigeria

Acute respiratory tract infections (ARIs) in children under the age group of five (5) years are serious infections, which prevent the normal breathing function in the child's system. The infection usually begins as a viral infection in which it enters the child's system through the nose to the trachea (windpipe) and down to the lungs. This study aimed to identify the distinctive risk factors associated with the respiratory tract infection in which later it can lead the infection to become acute and find out the easy ways toward preventing the infections. The study was performed within the period of six (6) months during the rainy season between the periods of April to September using the human subjects under age group of five (5) years. The data analysis was done in the Bioconductor R package, statistics p-value with associated B-value were obtained from the distribution of the moderated t-statistic after the adjustment for multiple testing with a significance level of ((? 0.05) using LIMMA method. Pvclust method was also used to generate thousands of bootstrap samples by randomly sampling elements of the data and then compute graphic hierarchical clustering on each bootstrap copy. Distinctive risk factors of (ARTI) were identified, such as malnutrition (MNT), indoor air pollution (IAP), Crowdy and dirty environment (CDE), and parental education (PE) which shows significant influence on the infection. But indoor air pollution (IAP) with the highest level of significant influence to the infections. It is recommended that parents having children should be enlightened by the health personnel experts through different media communication channels and other channels in order to avoid leaving in dirty, crowdy and unventilated environment and to feed from recommended diets with their children.

Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles: Minireview

In principle, nanoscience focus on the understanding of the structure, physical and chemical properties of nano size objects. Nanoscience and nanotechnology are both recent and active ongoing branch of science includes multi interdisciplinary sciences. On the other hand, nanotechnology considered as the invested outcomes of the obtained fundamental knowledge about nano objects in various commercial, industrial, environmental and medical sectors. All nano scale matters regardless of their nature referred to as nano-objects were the prefix ‘nano’ mean one millionth of millimeter size. Due to their nano size and high surface area, metal nanoparticles exhibits unique and novel physical and chemical properties compared to their macro scale counterparts. They are considered as very interesting and popular antimicrobial agent with wide spectrum activity against the variety of pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Three main methods were routinely used for metal nanoparticles formation that are chemical, physical and biological approaches. As eco-friendly, cheap and safe synthesis approach without the use of toxic chemicals and free of resulted hazardous byproducts several extracellular and intracellular biological methods using bacteria, fungi, plants or their extracts were reported that known collectively as green nanotechnology