ON DIGNITY, VULNERABILITY, INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND FISHERFOLKS: CHILEAN SUBSISTENCE FISHING ACCORDING TO INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS

Subsistence fishing is a confusing and heterogeneous fishery construct. Even so, its connection to human protection compels us to analyze it through the lens of human rights. Using the case of Chile due to its legal peculiarities, we aim to determine the scope of the Chilean legislation on subsistence fishing, integrating international treaties on human rights, case law, and reports from United Nations agencies regarding three issues. First, we examine how the Chilean legislation relates to the right to food and the promotion of decent social conditions. Next, we explain why the prohibition of riggings and propulsion enables us to identify economically precarious users and how this prohibition is related to vulnerabilities and poverty as human rights concepts. Finally, we show how the property of indigenous peoples and the culture of fisherfolk populations could impose their inclusion and preferences in access to subsistence fishing resources. Considering the results, we hold that human rights help to clarify the understanding of it and propose partial amendments to the Chilean legislation on subsistence fishing. But, above all, they introduce protection standards that allow us to see such legislation not as a mere derivation of state privilege, but as an attempt to foster a situation of equality: an affirmative action. We conclude by presenting a conceptual approach for Chilean subsistence fishing, suggesting that it could help to unveil new objectives and rights in fishing, and even influence the understanding of natural resource allocation.

Socio-Legal Strategies against a Total Abortion Ban in El Salvador: Alliances in Hostile Contexts

The case of El Salvador provides unique evidence of how solidarity is possible among different social movements in struggles over abortion law reform and its impact, even in contexts of extreme criminalization. The paper depicts a concrete example of how networks centered on abortion struggles can go beyond feminist movements and national borders, and shows the domestic impact of broadening the scope of the audience, the actors involved, and the spheres where abortion law discussions take place. The article focuses on the evolution of socio-legal mobilization regarding abortion in El Salvador over the last two decades. This evolution is presented through three moments: the first centers on the legal actions that feminist movements orchestrated in the mid-2000's around the Beatriz case. The second moment focuses on the most outstanding features of the “Las 17” campaign – a collaborative and international experience that entailed the submission of seventeen pardon petitions on behalf of women who had been convicted of homicide after having miscarriages. Finally, a third moment entails the socio-legal strategies embraced by feminist movements since 2018 within the framework of the campaign named “Las 17+”.

Liderança relacional e modernidade organizacional em firmas de advocacia de Belém do Pará

Resumo Este artigo tem como foco apresentar resultados de estudo destinado a investigar relações entre os constructos modernidade organizacional e liderança relacional em organizações profissionais, mais especificamente em escritórios de advocacia. As transformações que o setor tem vivenciado, particularmente em face dos movimentos em torno da chamada “Quarta Revolução Industrial”, têm imprimido alterações significativas não somente no escopo de atuação, produtos e serviços, como também nos perfis, processos e modos de entrega, requeridos ao exercício profissional da advocacia. Por conseguinte, suscitam estilos de liderança mais flexíveis, descentralizados e distribuídos, mais afins aos pressupostos da chamada liderança relacional. Quanto ao método, foi desenvolvida pesquisa de abordagem quantitativa envolvendo a aplicação de survey junto a advogados dos dez maiores escritórios de advocacia localizados na cidade de Belém (PA). Os resultados indicam escores elevados de modernidade cultural, seguida de modernidade administrativa e de práticas de gestão de pessoas e, por fim, de modernidade política. Registra-se também presença significativa dos fatores de liderança relacional investigados, assim como correlação positiva e significativa entre modernidade organizacional e liderança relacional. Uma importante contribuição do estudo diz respeito à superação de lacuna na literatura quanto a medidas e pesquisas empíricas direcionadas à mensuração da liderança relacional em escritórios de advocacia.

“Lugares de tráfico”: a geografia jurídica das abordagens policiais em Porto Alegre

Resumo Neste estudo na área da geografia jurídica buscamos compreender se a espacialidade é um fator relevante na determinação da fundada suspeita em abordagens policiais relacionadas ao tráfico de drogas no Brasil. A abordagem policial é um procedimento no qual policiais param, questionam e até mesmo revistam uma pessoa que é suspeita de portar ilegalmente objetos como armas ou drogas. Considerando a literatura sobre os fatores comportamentais, organizacionais e espaciais que explicam o policiamento seletivo, sugerimos que indivíduos que se deparam com a polícia em vilas e favelas estão mais propensos a ser vistos como suspeitos de tráfico do que aqueles indivíduos que interagem com a polícia em outros lugares da cidade. Neste estudo, essa hipótese é testada empiricamente, por meio da análise de um conjunto de dados georreferenciados sobre 635 abordagens policiais em casos envolvendo o delito de tráfico de drogas no município de Porto Alegre, que resultaram em julgados do Tribunal de Justiça do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul no período de 2015 a 2017. Nossa análise demonstra que a construção da suspeita policial é influenciada por representações do espaço que concebem os assentamentos informais populares como “lugares de tráfico”.

When Institutional Multiplicity Backfires: The Battle Over the Jurisdiction to Prosecute Politicians for Administrative Improbity in Brazil

Brazilian Administrative Improbity Act (Law n. 8.429/1992) created a different form of punishment for corrupt behavior and it may be understood as an attempt to introduce institutional multiplicity in the country’s legal system. Even though the law has been largely applied and resulted in the imposition of sanctions, it also has limitations: cases often taken several years before being concluded and the recovery of assets has not been substantial overtime. This paper seeks to elucidate some of the reasons why this might have happened. We argue that poor legal design combined with legal implementation problems resulted in delays in final judicial decisions. This paper focuses on a topic that has occupied Brazilian courts for a long time: determining in which jurisdiction should authorities and politicians be tried for administrative improbity. We describe the most prominent Supreme Court’s decisions about the theme and try to draw institutional lessons from them, by developing feasible solutions to improve the enforcement of Law n. 8.429/1992.

Anti-corruption Law and Systemic Corruption: The Role of Direct Responses

Recent discussions of systemic corruption have cast doubt on the effectiveness of direct legal responses, that is to say, responses that involve the enforcement of explicit legal prohibitions on corrupt activity. This article argues that there are sound reasons to believe that anti-corruption law can play an affirmative role in controlling systemic corruption, but the advantages and disadvantages of alternative legal responses are likely to vary depending on both the preferred evaluative criteria and the context. This analysis is based on the premise that corruption becomes systemic when it is widespread, persistent, subversive, structural, or normalized. There are three general ways in which law enforcement agencies might respond to these forms of corruption: an enhanced effort (“big push enforcement”), get more agencies involved (“institutional multiplicity”), and win over the general public by confront powerful actors using tactics such as communication strategies (“political engagement”). Although each of these responses has limitations and dangers, they also have potential advantages. Thus, to entirely dismiss direct legal responses to systemic corruption appears to be a misguided response.

International Cooperation and Negotiated Settlements for Transnational Bribery: A Study of the Odebrecht Case

Transnational regulation of bribery involves several increasingly complex forms of cooperation among enforcement authorities. International investigative cooperation allows a foreign authority to assist another on criminal and/or civil investigations, through requests of mutual legal assistance, rogatory letters, as well as joint investigative teams. Sanction-based cooperation helps different authorities to transfer or extradite persons and recover proceeds of corruption to the victims. More recently, there has been a rise in cooperation in negotiated settlements with the accused. Settlement cooperation may entail joint resolutions or the coordination of settlement clauses. This paper focuses on how these three modes of cooperation intersect in cases with successive negotiated settlements. We use the Odebrecht case settlements to unpack the relation between investigative, sanction-based, and settlement cooperation in three case studies: the joint resolutions between the company and Brazil, Switzerland, and the United States, as well as two local agreements with the Dominican Republic and with Peru. We evidence how these modes of cooperation can reinforce or undermine one another. Beyond illustrating different cooperation dynamics, we also explore the role of sequencing. The existence of a previous joint resolution affects the developments of the subsequent agreements, but in different ways from those previously mapped by the literature.

ARBITRAGEM EM NÚMEROS NAS CÂMARAS DE SANTA CATARINA

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é coletar dados que demonstrem o atual cenário da utilização do instituto da arbitragem no estado de Santa Catarina com base em consultas sobre o número de procedimentos arbitrais administrados por câmaras de arbitragem locais. Desse modo, a partir do envio de formulários às instituições arbitrais catarinenses, foi possível quantificar os procedimentos administrados, as matérias comumente envolvidas nos litígios, analisar a atuação de advogados em arbitragens administradas em Santa Catarina, entre outros aspectos. De posse dos dados coletados e da aplicação do método dedutivo para análise dos resultados, concluiu-se que, muito embora as instituições catarinenses relatem elevada quantidade de arbitragens sendo administradas ou já concluídas, o que se verifica, em realidade, é o grande número de procedimentos concluídos por meio de acordos, e que, por isso, acabam mais se aproximando de técnicas de conciliação e mediação do que propriamente de arbitragens.

Checks and Balances: The Concept and Its Implications for Corruption

It is often assumed that checks and balances are effective in curbing corruption, in part because checks and balances are so often assumed to be synonymous with the separation of powers. We argue that checks and balances are only one of several potential manifestations of the separation of powers. We suggest that the apparent correlation between checks and balances and control of corruption is driven by a variety of conditions antecedent to both. Using examples from Western democracies, we demonstrate that the concept of checks and balances is by itself an empty vessel, made effective only by “hard” factors such as the balance of political forces and “soft” factors such as the adherence of elites to particular behavioral norms. This does not mean that checks and balances cannot be useful, but rather that our assumptions about their precise utility may be misinformed: the relationship between checks and balances and curbing corruption is at best indirect.