scholarly journals Pacific sea level rise patterns and global surface temperature variability

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (16) ◽  
pp. 8662-8669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheryl E. Peyser ◽  
Jianjun Yin ◽  
Felix W. Landerer ◽  
Julia E. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Temperature Variability ◽  
Global Surface Temperature ◽  
Global Surface

scholarly journals Climate Change and European Cities

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Tiziana Susca
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Global Temperature ◽  
European Cities ◽  
Global Surface Temperature ◽  
Global Surface

The year 1950 has been a tipping point for Europe, as most of the European population became more urban than rural. Since that moment such a transition never stopped, and, projections say that by 2050, the number of urban inhabitants will approximately reach 75% of the total population in Europe, likely imposing further urban sprawl in one of the already most urbanized regions worldwide. As cities are responsible for 75% of the global carbon dioxide emissions, a questionabout how cities are dealing with climate change raises. Climate change threatens cities in numerous ways and at different scales. For instance, urbanization entails local increase in urban temperature, compared to the rural environs, known as Urban HeatIsland (UHI) effect. Both big and small-sized European cities are experiencing UHI. Previous research shows that in Paris, Rome and Barcelona, the UHI is as high as 8, 5 and 8.2 °C, respectively. In addition to urban and microscale temperature surges, anthropogenicclimate change has amplifiedthe intensity and frequency of mesoscale warming phenomena: heat waves. Particularly relevant have been the heat waves recorded in 2003, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2014, 2015 and 2017. In Europe, from June to August 2003, the heat wave caused about 35000 deaths. In 2018, persistent high temperature anomalies were recorded in Europe, and in particular in Scandinavia and Northern Europe. Most important, estimates show that mesoscale warming phenomena will become more frequent in the coming years. On top of these warming phenomena, global land-ocean temperatures are continuing increasing in the last decades. In 2017 the global surface temperature resulted being 0.9 °C higher than the average global surface temperature relative to 1951-1980. The increase in global temperature entails the ice cap melting which causes sea level rise. At present, globally, sea level is 89.7 mm (±0.80 mm) higher than in 1993. In particular, in Europe, both northern European countries and Mediterraneanones, have experienced, in the last 45 years a sea level rise ranging from 0.5 to 3 and from 0.5 to 4 mmper year, respectively. Projections show that, in the coming years, both Northern and Southern European countries will be affected by an increase in the sea level ranging from 0.1 to >0.4 m. As sea level is projected to rise in the coming years, coastal cities—which represent 90% of urban areas globally—will likely be threatened by flooding. Without adaptation strategies, the number of people in Europe annually affected by coastal flooding will be about 0.05 -0.13% of the 27 EU population in 2010. In particular, the Netherlands is ranked among the 20 most exposed countries worldwideto flooding, with potential economic loss of approximately US $1670 billion. Although climate change is a well-known phenomenon—already in 1988 Dr. James Hansen predicted that the increase in greenhouse gases would have led in 2017 to an increase in global temperature of about 1.03 °C compared to the average temperature recorded from 1950 until1980—the global greenhouse gas emissions continue rising, showing that climate negotiations are either still gridlocked or not sufficient to decrease climate altering emissions. If, on the one handinternational negotiations are slow,on the other hand, cities, especially in the last years, are proactivelyimplementingadaptationand mitigation plans. 66% of the European cities have adopted adaptation or mitigation plans. In the list of the top 5 countries with the highest percentage of cities with mitigation or adaptation plans there are Poland, Germany, Ireland, Finland, and Sweden. However, such plans are compulsory just in a minority of countries (i.e., Denmark, France, Slovakia and the UK). As international climate change negotiations fail in addressing climate urgency, as demonstrated by COP24 held in Katowice (Poland) on December 2018, cities, which are among the major causes and the main victims of climate change, have demonstratedto own the right political agility to put in place efficient mitigation and adaptation urban plans. However, as isolated actions would not lead to any measurable global effect, just coordinated efforts, harmonized either at upper scales or among municipalities globally, can provide global mitigation benefits.

Discussion of the case of the missing heat

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert Parker
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Deep Ocean ◽  
Global Surface Temperature ◽  
Global Surface

AbstractThe sea level projection of a 1 meter rise for the 21st century depends on climate models that have projected a given amount of anthropogenic warming during the same period. However, these same climate models predicted a warming also from 2000 to 2014, which has not been seen in the global surface temperature. Researchers have proposed several solutions such as the fact that the “missing heat” was accumulated in the deep ocean. However, no evidences of a sufficient warming of the deep oceans have been observed. Other arguments has been proposed as well and found unsatisfactory. There is the opportunity that the “heat” is not “real” but “missing” or “hiding” somewhere. If the climate model projected “heat” that simply does not exist in reality in the first place, consequently the models overestimate the anthropogenicwarming and also the sea level projections for the 21st century are overestimated.

scholarly journals Simulation of the future sea level contribution of Greenland with a new glacial system model

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 3097-3121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reinhard Calov ◽  
Sebastian Beyer ◽  
Ralf Greve ◽  
Johanna Beckmann ◽  
Matteo Willeit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Mass Balance ◽  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Ice Sheet ◽  
Greenland Ice Sheet ◽  
System Model ◽  
Surface Mass Balance ◽  
Surface Mass

Abstract. We introduce the coupled model of the Greenland glacial system IGLOO 1.0, including the polythermal ice sheet model SICOPOLIS (version 3.3) with hybrid dynamics, the model of basal hydrology HYDRO and a parameterization of submarine melt for marine-terminated outlet glaciers. The aim of this glacial system model is to gain a better understanding of the processes important for the future contribution of the Greenland ice sheet to sea level rise under future climate change scenarios. The ice sheet is initialized via a relaxation towards observed surface elevation, imposing the palaeo-surface temperature over the last glacial cycle. As a present-day reference, we use the 1961–1990 standard climatology derived from simulations of the regional atmosphere model MAR with ERA reanalysis boundary conditions. For the palaeo-part of the spin-up, we add the temperature anomaly derived from the GRIP ice core to the years 1961–1990 average surface temperature field. For our projections, we apply surface temperature and surface mass balance anomalies derived from RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios created by MAR with boundary conditions from simulations with three CMIP5 models. The hybrid ice sheet model is fully coupled with the model of basal hydrology. With this model and the MAR scenarios, we perform simulations to estimate the contribution of the Greenland ice sheet to future sea level rise until the end of the 21st and 23rd centuries. Further on, the impact of elevation–surface mass balance feedback, introduced via the MAR data, on future sea level rise is inspected. In our projections, we found the Greenland ice sheet to contribute between 1.9 and 13.0 cm to global sea level rise until the year 2100 and between 3.5 and 76.4 cm until the year 2300, including our simulated additional sea level rise due to elevation–surface mass balance feedback. Translated into additional sea level rise, the strength of this feedback in the year 2100 varies from 0.4 to 1.7 cm, and in the year 2300 it ranges from 1.7 to 21.8 cm. Additionally, taking the Helheim and Store glaciers as examples, we investigate the role of ocean warming and surface runoff change for the melting of outlet glaciers. It shows that ocean temperature and subglacial discharge are about equally important for the melting of the examined outlet glaciers.

scholarly journals Improved Global Surface Temperature Simulation using Stratospheric Ozone Forcing with More Accurate Variability

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fei Xie ◽  
Jianping Li ◽  
Cheng Sun ◽  
Ruiqiang Ding ◽  
Nan Xing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Global Surface Temperature ◽  
Global Surface

scholarly journals Updated Temperature Data Give a Sharper View of Climate Trends

Eos ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huai-Min Zhang ◽  
Jay Lawrimore ◽  
Boyin Huang ◽  
Matthew Menne ◽  
Xungang Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Temperature Data ◽  
Climate Trends ◽  
Historical Changes ◽  
Global Surface Temperature ◽  
Global Surface

The latest version of NOAA’s Global Surface Temperature Dataset improves coverage over land and sea and improves the treatment of historical changes in observational practices.

A Blended Satellite–In Situ Near–Global Surface Temperature Dataset

2000 ◽  
Vol 81 (9) ◽  
pp. 2157-2164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas C. Peterson ◽  
Alan N. Basist ◽  
Claude N. Williams ◽  
Norman C. Grody
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Global Surface Temperature ◽  
Global Surface
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