Poleward Shift in Ventilation of the North Atlantic Subtropical Underwater

Abstract Chust, G., Castellani, C., Licandro, P., Ibaibarriaga, L., Sagarminaga, Y., and Irigoien, X. 2014. Are Calanus spp. shifting poleward in the North Atlantic? A habitat modelling approach. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 71: 241–253. In the last decade, the analysis based on Continuous Plankton Recorder survey in the eastern North Atlantic Ocean detected one of the most striking examples of marine poleward migration related to sea warming. The main objective of this study is to verify the poleward shift of zooplankton species (Calanus finmarchicus, C. glacialis, C. helgolandicus, C. hyperboreus) for which distributional changes have been recorded in the North Atlantic Ocean and to assess how much of this shift was triggered by sea warming, using Generalized Additive Models. To this end, the population gravity centre of observed data was compared with that of a series of simulation experiments: (i) a model using only climate factors (i.e. niche-based model) to simulate species habitat suitability, (ii) a model using only temporal and spatial terms to reconstruct the population distribution, and (iii) a model using both factors combined, using a subset of observations as independent dataset for validation. Our findings show that only C. finmarchicus had a consistent poleward shift, triggered by sea warming, estimated in 8.1 km per decade in the North Atlantic (16.5 per decade for the northeast), which is substantially lower than previous works at the assemblage level and restricted to the Northeast Atlantic. On the contrary, C. helgolandicus is expanding in all directions, although its northern distribution limit in the North Sea has shifted northward. Calanus glacialis and C. hyperboreus, which have the geographic centres of populations mainly in the NW Atlantic, showed a slight southward shift, probably responding to cool water penetrating southward in the Labrador Current. Our approach, supported by high model accuracy, shows its power in detecting species latitudinal shifts and identifying its causes, since the trend of occurrence observed data is influenced by the sampling frequency, which has progressively concentrated to lower latitudes with time.

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North Atlantic footprint of summer Greenland ice sheet melting on interannual to interdecadal timescales: A Greenland blocking perspective

Journal of Climate ◽

10.1175/jcli-d-21-0382.1 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-52

Keyword(s):

North Atlantic ◽

High Latitude ◽

Ice Sheet ◽

Greenland Ice Sheet ◽

Zonal Winds ◽

Event Frequency ◽

The North ◽

Poleward Shift ◽

The North Atlantic

Abstract Recent rapid melting of summer Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) and its impact on the Earth’s climate has attracted much attention. In this paper, we establish a connection between the melting of GrIS and the variability of summer sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies over North Atlantic on interannual to interdecadal timescales through changes in sub-seasonal Greenland blocking (GB). It is found that the latitude and width of GB are important for the spatial patterns of the GrIS melting. The melting of GrIS on interdecadal timescales is most prominent for the positive Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation phase (AMO+) because the high latitude GB and its large width, long lifetime and slow decay are favored. However, the North Atlantic mid-high latitude warm-cold-warm (cold-warm-cold) tripole or NAT+ (NAT−) pattern on interannual timescales tends to strengthen (weaken) the role of AMO+ in the GrIS melting especially on the northern or northeastern periphery of Greenland by promoting (inhibiting) high-latitude GB and increasing (decreasing) its width. It is further revealed that AMO+ (NAT+) favors the persistence and width of GB mainly through producing weak summer zonal winds and small summer meridional potential vorticity gradient (PVy) in the North Atlantic mid-high latitudes 55°-70°N (55°-65°N) compared to the role of AMO− (NAT−). The event frequency and zonal width of GB events and their poleward shift are favored by the combination of NAT+ with AMO+. In contrast, the combination of NAT− and AMO+ tends to suppress reduced summer zonal winds and PVy, thus inhibiting the event frequency of GB events and their poleward shift and zonal width.

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North Atlantic Subtropical Underwater and Its Year-to-Year Variability in Annual Subduction Rate during the Argo Period

Journal of Physical Oceanography ◽

10.1175/jpo-d-15-0246.1 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 46 (6) ◽

pp. 1901-1916 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Tangdong Qu ◽

Linlin Zhang ◽

Niklas Schneider

Keyword(s):

North Atlantic ◽

Mixed Layer Depth ◽

Subtropical Gyre ◽

Sea Surface Salinity ◽

Surface Salinity ◽

The North ◽

The Mean ◽

The North Atlantic ◽

Subtropical Underwater ◽

Subduction Rate

AbstractSubtropical underwater (STUW) and its year-to-year variability in annual subduction rate are investigated using recently available Argo data in the North Atlantic. For the period of observation (2002–14), the mean annual subduction rate of the STUW is 7.3 ± 1.2 Sv (1 Sv = 106 m3 s−1) within the density range between 25.0 and 26.0 kg m−3. Once subducted, the STUW spreads in the subtropical gyre as a vertical salinity maximum. In the mean, the spatial changes in temperature and salinity of the STUW tend to compensate each other, and the density of the water mass remains rather stable near 25.5 kg m−3 in the southwestern part of the subtropical gyre. The annual subduction rate of the STUW varies from year to year, and most of this variability is due to lateral induction, which in turn is directly linked to the variability of the winter mixed layer depth. Through modulation of surface buoyancy, wind anomalies associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation are primarily responsible for this variability. Sea surface salinity anomalies in the formation region of the STUW are conveyed into the thermocline, but their westward propagation cannot be detected by the present data.

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The Currents of the North Atlantic

Scientific American ◽

10.1038/scientificamerican09171892-13940supp ◽

1892 ◽

Vol 34 (872supp) ◽

pp. 13940-13941

Author(s):

Richard Beynon

Keyword(s):

North Atlantic ◽

The North ◽

The North Atlantic

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Power-feed equipment for the North Atlantic link

Proceedings of the IEE - Part B Radio and Electronic Engineering ◽

10.1049/pi-b-1.1957.0006 ◽

1957 ◽

Vol 104 (4S) ◽

pp. 51-59

Author(s):

G.W. Meszaros ◽

H.H. Spencer

Keyword(s):

North Atlantic ◽

The North ◽

The North Atlantic

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NATO adaptation to current challenges and mechanisms of Ukraine’s cooperation with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Public administration and local government ◽

10.33287/101910 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 73-81

Author(s):

Oleh Poshedin

Keyword(s):

North Atlantic ◽

Task Force ◽

Response Force ◽

Cyber Attack ◽

Adaptation Measures ◽

Joint Force ◽

Security Environment ◽

The North ◽

The North Atlantic ◽

Area Of Influence

The purpose of the article is to describe the changes NATO undergoing in response to the challenges of our time. Today NATO, as a key element of European and Euro-Atlantic security, is adapting to changes in the modern security environment by increasing its readiness and ability to respond to any threat. Adaptation measures include the components required to ensure that the Alliance can fully address the security challenges it might face. Responsiveness NATO Response Force enhanced by developing force packages that are able to move rapidly and respond to potential challenges and threats. As part of it, was established a Very High Readiness Joint Task Force, a new Allied joint force that deploy within a few days to respond to challenges that arise, particularly at the periphery of NATO’s territory. NATO emphasizes, that cyber defence is part of NATO’s core task of collective defence. A decision as to when a cyber attack would lead to the invocation of Article 5 would be taken by the North Atlantic Council on a case-by-case basis. Cooperation with NATO already contributes to the implementation of national security and defense in state policy. At the same time, taking into account that all decision-making in NATO based on consensus, Ukraine’s membership in the Alliance quite vague perspective. In such circumstances, in Ukraine you often can hear the idea of announcement of a neutral status. It is worth reminding that non-aligned status did not save Ukraine from Russian aggression. Neutral status will not accomplish it either. All talks about neutrality and the impossibility of Ukraine joining NATO are nothing but manipulations, as well as recognition of the Ukrainian territory as Russian Federation area of influence (this country seeks to sabotage the Euro-Atlantic movement of Ukraine). Think about it, Moldova’s Neutrality is enshrined in the country’s Constitution since 1994. However, this did not help Moldova to restore its territorial integrity and to force Russia to withdraw its troops and armaments from Transnistria.

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