The Second Law of Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics: How Fast Time Flies

2008 ◽  
pp. 1-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phil Attard
Keyword(s):  
Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Fast Time

Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics – A Tool for Applied Rheologists

1999 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Christian Öttinger
Keyword(s):  
Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics ◽  
Nonequilibrium Dynamics ◽  
Nonequilibrium Systems ◽  
Fast Time ◽  
State Variables ◽  
Unified Framework ◽  
Science And Engineering ◽  
Practical Usefulness ◽  
Modeling Systems ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract GENERIC is reviewed not only as a new general framework for modeling nonequilibrium systems, but also as a new way of thinking about nonequilibrium dynamics. This unified framework of nonequilibrium thermodynamics is shown to be deeply rooted in the ample accumulated experience with nonequilibrium systems and, provided that state variables with slow and fast time-evolution can be separated, the framework can actually be derived. In view of its natural capability of modeling systems on different levels of description, GENERIC is ideal for the highly topical attempts of “bridging scales” in science and engineering. The practical usefulness of GENERIC as a powerful tool in the phenomenological and structure-guided modeling of complex fluids is illustrated through two examples.

scholarly journals A Derivation of the Main Relations of Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir N. Pokrovskii
Keyword(s):  
Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Thermodynamic System ◽  
Internal Variables ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
First Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Sum Of Products ◽  
Thermodynamic Forces ◽  
Production Of Entropy

The principles of nonequilibrium thermodynamics are discussed, using the concept of internal variables that describe deviations of a thermodynamic system from the equilibrium state. While considering the first law of thermodynamics, work of internal variables is taken into account. It is shown that the requirement that the thermodynamic system cannot fulfil any work via internal variables is equivalent to the conventional formulation of the second law of thermodynamics. These statements, in line with the axioms introducing internal variables can be considered as basic principles of nonequilibrium thermodynamics. While considering stationary nonequilibrium situations close to equilibrium, it is shown that known linear parities between thermodynamic forces and fluxes and also the production of entropy, as a sum of products of thermodynamic forces and fluxes, are consequences of fundamental principles of thermodynamics.

scholarly journals Thermodynamics in Modified Gravity with Curvature Matter Coupling

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Sharif ◽  
M. Zubair
Keyword(s):  
Modified Gravity ◽  
Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Production Term ◽  
Matter Coupling ◽  
Generalized Second Law ◽  
Laws Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Coupling Parameters ◽  
Modified Theory

The first and generalized second laws of thermodynamics are studied inf(R,Lm)gravity, a more general modified theory with curvature matter coupling. It is found that one can translate the Friedmann equations to the form of first law accompanied with entropy production term. This behavior is due to the nonequilibrium thermodynamics in this theory. We establish the generalized second law of thermodynamics and develop the constraints on coupling parameters for two specific models. It is concluded that laws of thermodynamics in this modified theory are more general and can reproduce the corresponding results in Einstein,f(R)gravity, andf(R)gravity with arbitrary as well as nonminimal curvature matter coupling.

scholarly journals Variational principles and nonequilibrium thermodynamics

2020 ◽  
Vol 378 (2170) ◽  
pp. 20190178 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Ván ◽  
R. Kovács
Keyword(s):  
Symplectic Structure ◽  
Evolution Equations ◽  
Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics ◽  
Variational Principles ◽  
Dissipative Systems ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Dissipative Processes ◽  
Variational Techniques ◽  
Lagrange Form

Variational principles play a fundamental role in deriving the evolution equations of physics. They work well in the case of non-dissipative evolution, but for dissipative systems, the variational principles are not unique and not constructive. With the methods of modern nonequilibrium thermodynamics, one can derive evolution equations for dissipative phenomena and, surprisingly, in several cases, one can also reproduce the Euler–Lagrange form and symplectic structure of the evolution equations for non-dissipative processes. In this work, we examine some demonstrative examples and compare thermodynamic and variational techniques. Then, we argue that, instead of searching for variational principles for dissipative systems, there is another viable programme: the second law alone can be an effective tool to construct evolution equations for both dissipative and non-dissipative processes. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Fundamental aspects of nonequilibrium thermodynamics’.

scholarly journals Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics—The Nonequilibrium Perspective

Entropy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 793
Author(s):  
Henning Struchtrup
Keyword(s):  
Thermodynamic Equilibrium ◽  
Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics ◽  
Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium ◽  
Thermodynamic Temperature ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Equilibrium States ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Rest State ◽  
The Stability

An alternative to the Carnot-Clausius approach for introducing entropy and the second law of thermodynamics is outlined that establishes entropy as a nonequilibrium property from the onset. Five simple observations lead to entropy for nonequilibrium and equilibrium states, and its balance. Thermodynamic temperature is identified, its positivity follows from the stability of the rest state. It is shown that the equations of engineering thermodynamics are valid for the case of local thermodynamic equilibrium, with inhomogeneous states. The main findings are accompanied by examples and additional discussion to firmly imbed classical and engineering thermodynamics into nonequilibrium thermodynamics.

scholarly journals Relationships between rational extended thermodynamics and extended irreversible thermodynamics

2020 ◽  
Vol 378 (2170) ◽  
pp. 20190172 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Jou
Keyword(s):  
Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics ◽  
Irreversible Thermodynamics ◽  
Extended Thermodynamics ◽  
Internal Variables ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Hamiltonian Approach ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Extended Irreversible Thermodynamics ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Rational Extended Thermodynamics

We consider a few conceptual questions on extended thermodynamics, with the aim to contribute to a higher contact between rational extended thermodynamics and extended irreversible thermodynamics. Both theories take a number of fluxes as independent variables, but they differ in the formalism being used to deal with the exploitation of the second principle (rational thermodynamics in the first one and classical irreversible thermodynamics in the second one). Rational extended thermodynamics is more restricted in the range of systems to be analysed, but it is able to obtain a wider number of restrictions and deeper specifications from the second law. By contrast, extended irreversible thermodynamics is more phenomenological, its mathematical formalism is more elementary, but it may deal with a wider diversity of systems although with less detail. Further comparison and dialogue between both branches of extended thermodynamics would be useful for a fuller deployment and deepening of extended thermodynamics. Besides these two approaches, one should also consider the Hamiltonian approach, formalisms with internal variables, and more microscopic approaches, based on kinetic theory or on non-equilibrium ensemble formalisms. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Fundamental aspects of nonequilibrium thermodynamics’.

Application of Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics in Second Law Analysis

1991 ◽  
Vol 113 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. F. Sun ◽  
C. G. Carrington
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics ◽  
Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Second Law Analysis ◽  
Exergy Balance ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Heat Transfer By Radiation ◽  
Dissipation Processes ◽  
Generation Procedure

We examine the exergy balance of a multi-component fluid subject to viscous dissipation processes, heat transfer by conduction, heat transfer by radiation, matter diffusion and chemical reactions. The differential equations for exergy balance in the fluid formalize the relationship between the exergy input/output approach to second law analysis and the entropy generation procedure using the Gouy-Stodola theorem. The balance relations for mass, momentum, energy and entropy are used to establish the validity conditions for the exergy balance equations. In particular, we define the role and significance of the assumption of local thermodynamic equilibrium. The general functions and restrictions of nonequilibrium thermodynamics within second law analysis are also discussed.

scholarly journals Intrinsic properties of conservation-dissipation formalism of irreversible thermodynamics

2020 ◽  
Vol 378 (2170) ◽  
pp. 20190177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-An Yong
Keyword(s):  
Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Irreversible Thermodynamics ◽  
Irreversible Processes ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Gradient Structure ◽  
Intrinsic Properties ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Onsager Relations ◽  
Refined Formulation

This paper proposes four fundamental requirements for establishing PDEs (partial differential equations) modelling irreversible processes. We show that the PDEs derived via the CDF (conservation-dissipation formalism) meet all the requirements. In doing so, we find useful constraints on the freedoms of CDF and point out that a shortcoming of the formalism can be remedied with the help of the Maxwell iteration. It is proved that the iteration preserves the gradient structure and strong dissipativeness of the CDF-based PDEs. A refined formulation of the second law of thermodynamics is given to characterize the strong dissipativeness, while the gradient structure corresponds to nonlinear Onsager relations. Further advantages and limitations of CDF will also be presented. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Fundamental aspects of nonequilibrium thermodynamics’.

scholarly journals Nonequilibrium thermodynamics: emergent and fundamental

2020 ◽  
Vol 378 (2170) ◽  
pp. 20200066 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Ván
Keyword(s):  
Evolution Equations ◽  
Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics ◽  
Dissipative Systems ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
New Methods

How can we derive the evolution equations of dissipative systems? What is the relation between the different approaches? How much do we understand the fundamental aspects of a second law based framework? Is there a hierarchy of dissipative and ideal theories at all? How far can we reach with the new methods of nonequilibrium thermodynamics? This article is part of the theme issue ‘Fundamental aspects of nonequilibrium thermodynamics’.

scholarly journals Nonequilibrium thermodynamics at the microscale: Work relations and the second law

2010 ◽  
Vol 389 (20) ◽  
pp. 4406-4417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliran Boksenbojm ◽  
Bram Wynants ◽  
Christopher Jarzynski
Keyword(s):  
Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Work Relations
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