Population structure, intergroup interaction, and human contact govern infectious disease impacts in mountain gorilla populations

When controlling an emerging outbreak of an infectious disease, it is essential to know the key epidemiological parameters, such as the basic reproduction number R 0 and the control effort required to prevent a large outbreak. These parameters are estimated from the observed incidence of new cases and information about the infectious contact structures of the population in which the disease spreads. However, the relevant infectious contact structures for new, emerging infections are often unknown or hard to obtain. Here, we show that, for many common true underlying heterogeneous contact structures, the simplification to neglect such structures and instead assume that all contacts are made homogeneously in the whole population results in conservative estimates for R 0 and the required control effort. This means that robust control policies can be planned during the early stages of an outbreak, using such conservative estimates of the required control effort.

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ВПЛИВ COVID-19 ТА КАРАНТИННИХ ОБМЕЖЕНЬ НА ЗАКЛАДИ ГОСТИННОЇ ІНДУСТРІЇ УКРАЇНИ

Bulletin of the Kyiv National University of Technologies and Design Series Economic sciences ◽

10.30857/2413-0117.2020.5.2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 151 (5) ◽

pp. 19-27

Author(s):

Асьят Г. Абрамова ◽

Ольга С. Пушка ◽

Юлія А. Мирошник

Keyword(s):

Infectious Disease ◽

Hospitality Industry ◽

Disease Outbreaks ◽

Primary Objective ◽

Hospitality Management ◽

Human Contact ◽

Short Period ◽

Theoretical Generalization ◽

Hospitality Sector ◽

The Impact

The article seeks to explore the impact of the COVID-19 infectious disease pandemic on the Ukrainian hospitality industry along with providing an overview of the major changes in the nature and operation of hotel and restaurant businesses in the face of quarantine restrictions. The statistics data were obtained from the Ukrainian research papers and scientific journals in hospitality management and open Internet sources. To attain the objectives of this study, theoretical generalization and the comparative research methods have been employed. The article offers a loss of profit assessment for Ukrainian foodservice companies and hotels in the national lockdown period from March to May 2020 and during the quarantine restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings demonstrate that the revenues of foodservice companies in March amounted to about 69%, in April – 26% compared to February 2020 indicators. In May, restaurants increased their profits up to 50% against the pre-crisis rate, which is associated primarily with easing of quarantine restrictions and the permission to serve their customers on summer terraces. However, most hotels and their infrastructure facilities were forced to suspend their operation. The study also resumes the information on regulatory changes along with mandatory anti-epidemic preventive measures in the hospitality sector operation. A special emphasis is put that hotels and restaurants were challenged to promptly respond to quarantine restrictions in a very short period of time and build immediate strategies to retain their customers and clients. The authors present a range of international best practices on adaptation of hospitality industry to working in the quarantine restrictions settings. It is argued that the primary objective of the Ukrainian hospitality industry in in the short-term perspective is the implementation of modern innovative technologies. This will contribute to reducing human contact between customers and personnel in the hospitality sector, which is critically important in the context of infectious disease outbreaks and COVID-19 pandemic, in particular.

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A high-resolution human contact network for infectious disease transmission

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.1009094108 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 107 (51) ◽

pp. 22020-22025 ◽

Cited By ~ 383

Author(s):

M. Salathe ◽

M. Kazandjieva ◽

J. W. Lee ◽

P. Levis ◽

M. W. Feldman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Infectious Disease ◽

High Resolution ◽

Disease Transmission ◽

Contact Network ◽

Infectious Disease Transmission ◽

Human Contact

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Population structure and infectious disease risk in southern Africa

Molecular Genetics and Genomics ◽

10.1007/s00438-017-1296-2 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 292 (3) ◽

pp. 499-509 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Caitlin Uren ◽

Marlo Möller ◽

Paul D. van Helden ◽

Brenna M. Henn ◽

Eileen G. Hoal

Keyword(s):

Infectious Disease ◽

Population Structure ◽

Southern Africa ◽

Disease Risk

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An infectious disease model on empirical networks of human contact: bridging the gap between dynamic network data and contact matrices

BMC Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1186/1471-2334-13-185 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 61

Author(s):

Anna Machens ◽

Francesco Gesualdo ◽

Caterina Rizzo ◽

Alberto E Tozzi ◽

Alain Barrat ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Infectious Disease ◽

Disease Model ◽

Dynamic Network ◽

Network Data ◽

Infectious Disease Model ◽

Human Contact ◽

Empirical Networks

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Host genetics and population structure effects on parasitic disease

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rstb.2011.0296 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 367 (1590) ◽

pp. 887-894 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Sarah Williams-Blangero ◽

Charles D. Criscione ◽

John L. VandeBerg ◽

Rodrigo Correa-Oliveira ◽

Kimberly D. Williams ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Infectious Disease ◽

Population Structure ◽

Genetic Factors ◽

Differential Susceptibility ◽

Distribution Patterns ◽

Host Population ◽

Parasitic Disease ◽

Helminth Infections ◽

Host Genetic ◽

Host Genetic Factors

Host genetic factors exert significant influences on differential susceptibility to many infectious diseases. In addition, population structure of both host and parasite may influence disease distribution patterns. In this study, we assess the effects of population structure on infectious disease in two populations in which host genetic factors influencing susceptibility to parasitic disease have been extensively studied. The first population is the Jirel population of eastern Nepal that has been the subject of research on the determinants of differential susceptibility to soil-transmitted helminth infections. The second group is a Brazilian population residing in an area endemic for Trypanosoma cruzi infection that has been assessed for genetic influences on differential disease progression in Chagas disease. For measures of Ascaris worm burden, within-population host genetic effects are generally more important than host population structure factors in determining patterns of infectious disease. No significant influences of population structure on measures associated with progression of cardiac disease in individuals who were seropositive for T. cruzi infection were found.

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Tissue section lifting for electron microscopy

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100081292 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

pp. 86-87

Author(s):

Adrian F. van Dellen

Keyword(s):

Infectious Disease ◽

Electron Microscopy ◽

Tissue Culture ◽

Organ System ◽

Surrounding Tissue ◽

Paraffin Sections ◽

Surface Areas ◽

Specific Determination ◽

High Degree ◽

Accuracy And Repeatability

The morphologic pathologist may require information on the ultrastructure of a non-specific lesion seen under the light microscope before he can make a specific determination. Such lesions, when caused by infectious disease agents, may be sparsely distributed in any organ system. Tissue culture systems, too, may only have widely dispersed foci suitable for ultrastructural study. In these situations, when only a few, small foci in large tissue areas are useful for electron microscopy, it is advantageous to employ a methodology which rapidly selects a single tissue focus that is expected to yield beneficial ultrastructural data from amongst the surrounding tissue. This is in essence what "LIFTING" accomplishes. We have developed LIFTING to a high degree of accuracy and repeatability utilizing the Microlift (Fig 1), and have successfully applied it to tissue culture monolayers, histologic paraffin sections, and tissue blocks with large surface areas that had been initially fixed for either light or electron microscopy.

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