Parametric optimization of intra- and inter-layer strengths in parts produced by extrusion-based additive manufacturing of poly(lactic acid)

<div class="WordSection1">Rapid prototyping or commonly known as additive manufacturing uses metal and non-metal semi-liquid materials which are compacted layer by layer. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is one of the methods in the additive manufacturing process that uses thermoplastic filaments (PLA and ABS). Poly Lactic Acid (PLA) or poly lactic acid is an organic plastic or bioplastic made from renewable biomass sources such as corn starch, pea starch and vegetable oils. Important factors affecting the quality of 3D Printing results are nozzle diameter, nozzle temperature, bed temperature, infill patern, infill percentage, print speed, layer thickness and infill overlap. Infill overlap is the percentage of overlapping processes of the filament during the printing process. This research was conducted to determine the effect of infill overlapon the physical and mechanical properties of 3d printing products. The infill overlapvariations used are 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75% of the nozzle diameter. 50% variation shows better quality when compared to other variations for density test, tensile test, and bending test.</div>

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Anisotropic rate-dependent mechanical behavior of Poly(Lactic Acid) processed by Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing

Additive Manufacturing ◽

10.1016/j.addma.2019.100968 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 31 ◽

pp. 100968 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Wilco M.H. Verbeeten ◽

Miriam Lorenzo-Bañuelos ◽

Pablo J. Arribas-Subiñas

Keyword(s):

Lactic Acid ◽

Additive Manufacturing ◽

Mechanical Behavior ◽

Poly Lactic Acid ◽

Material Extrusion ◽

Rate Dependent

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Material Extrusion-Based Additive Manufacturing of Poly(Lactic Acid) Antibacterial Filaments—A Case Study of Antimicrobial Properties

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13244337 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (24) ◽

pp. 4337

Author(s):

Piotr Gruber ◽

Viktoria Hoppe ◽

Emilia Grochowska ◽

Justyna Paleczny ◽

Adam Junka ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lactic Acid ◽

Additive Manufacturing ◽

Methodological Approach ◽

Antibacterial Properties ◽

Antimicrobial Properties ◽

Sem Analysis ◽

Poly Lactic Acid ◽

Fused Filament Fabrication ◽

Personal Protection Equipment ◽

Specific Species

In the era of the coronavirus pandemic, one of the most demanding areas was the supply of healthcare systems in essential Personal Protection Equipment (PPE), including face-shields and hands-free door openers. This need, impossible to fill by traditional manufacturing methods, was met by implementing of such emerging technologies as additive manufacturing (AM/3D printing). In this article, Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) filaments for Fused filament fabrication (FFF) technology in the context of the antibacterial properties of finished products were analyzed. The methodology included 2D radiography and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis to determine the presence of antimicrobial additives in the material and their impact on such hospital pathogens as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Clostridium difficile. The results show that not all tested materials displayed the expected antimicrobial properties after processing in FFF technology. The results showed that in the case of specific species of bacteria, the FFF samples, produced using the declared antibacterial materials, may even stimulate the microbial growth. The novelty of the results relies on methodological approach exceeding scope of ISO 22196 standard and is based on tests with three different species of bacteria in two types of media simulating common body fluids that can be found on frequently touched, nosocomial surfaces. The data presented in this article is of pivotal meaning taking under consideration the increasing interest in application of such products in the clinical setting.

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Additive manufacturing of mechanical testing samples based on virgin poly (lactic acid) (PLA) and PLA/wood fibre composites

Advances in Manufacturing ◽

10.1007/s40436-018-0211-3 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 71-82 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Yu Dong ◽

Jamie Milentis ◽

Alokesh Pramanik

Keyword(s):

Lactic Acid ◽

Additive Manufacturing ◽

Mechanical Testing ◽

Wood Fibre ◽

Poly Lactic Acid ◽

Fibre Composites

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Preparation and characterization of poly(lactic acid)/boehmite alumina composites for additive manufacturing

IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering ◽

10.1088/1757-899x/903/1/012057 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 903 ◽

pp. 012057

Author(s):

L Lendvai ◽

I Fekete

Keyword(s):

Lactic Acid ◽

Additive Manufacturing ◽

Poly Lactic Acid ◽

Alumina Composites

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Annealing and crystallization kinetics of poly(lactic acid) pieces obtained by additive manufacturing

Polymer Engineering & Science ◽

10.1002/pen.25737 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Iago Augusto Reis ◽

Pedro Ivo Cunha Claro ◽

Andre Luis Marcomini ◽

Luiz Henrique Capparelli Mattoso ◽

Sandro Pereira Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lactic Acid ◽

Additive Manufacturing ◽

Crystallization Kinetics ◽

Poly Lactic Acid ◽

Kinetics Of

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Improving Mechanical Properties for Extrusion-Based Additive Manufacturing of Poly(Lactic Acid) by Annealing and Blending with Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate)

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym11091529 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 1529 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Sisi Wang ◽

Lode Daelemans ◽

Rudinei Fiorio ◽

Maling Gou ◽

Dagmar R. D’hooge ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lactic Acid ◽

Additive Manufacturing ◽

Mechanical Performance ◽

Softening Temperature ◽

Xrd Analysis ◽

Sem Analysis ◽

Poly Lactic Acid ◽

Second Phase ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Scanning Calorimetry

Based on differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, polarizing microscope (POM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, strategies to close the gap on applying conventional processing optimizations for the field of 3D printing and to specifically increase the mechanical performance of extrusion-based additive manufacturing of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) filaments by annealing and/or blending with poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) were reported. For filament printing at 210 °C, the PLA crystallinity increased significantly upon annealing. Specifically, for 2 h of annealing at 100 °C, the fracture surface became sufficiently coarse such that the PLA notched impact strength increased significantly (15 kJ m−2). The Vicat softening temperature (VST) increased to 160 °C, starting from an annealing time of 0.5 h. Similar increases in VST were obtained by blending with PHB (20 wt.%) at a lower printing temperature of 190 °C due to crystallization control. For the blend, the strain at break increased due to the presence of a second phase, with annealing only relevant for enhancing the modulus.

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