Surgical anatomy of the parotid duct with emphasis on the major tributaries forming the duct and the relationship of the facial nerve to the duct

2004 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 463-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan T. Richards ◽  
Nicholas Digges ◽  
Neil S. Norton ◽  
Thomas H. Quinn ◽  
Phillip Say ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Facial Nerve ◽  
Surgical Anatomy ◽  
Parotid Duct ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Surgical Anatomy for Extended Facelift Techniques

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (03) ◽  
pp. 309-316
Author(s):  
Ozcan Cakmak ◽  
Ismet Emrah Emre
Keyword(s):  
Facial Nerve ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Extended Techniques ◽  
Surgical Anatomy ◽  
Superficial Musculoaponeurotic System ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Face ◽  
Facial Soft Tissues ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractPreservation of the facial nerve is crucial in any type of facial procedure. This is even more important when performing plastic surgery on the face. An intricate knowledge of the course of the facial nerve is a requisite prior to performing facelifts, regardless of the technique used. The complex relationship of the ligaments and the facial nerve may put the nerve at an increased risk of damage, especially if its anatomy is not fully understood. There are several danger zones during dissection where the nerve is more likely to be injured. These include the areas where the nerve branches become more superficial in the dissection plane, and where they traverse between the retaining ligaments of the face. Addressing these ligaments is crucial, as they prevent the transmission of traction during facelifts. Without sufficient release, a satisfying pull on the soft tissues may be limited. Traditional superficial musculoaponeurotic system techniques such as plication or imbrication do not include surgical release of these attachments. Extended facelift techniques include additional dissection to release the retaining ligaments to obtain a more balanced and healthier look. However, these techniques are often the subject of much debate due to the extended dissection that carries a higher risk of nerve complications. In this article we aim to present the relationship of both the nerve and ligaments with an emphasis on the exact location of these structures, both in regard to one another and to their locations within the facial soft tissues, to perform extended techniques safely.

scholarly journals A cadaveric study on the buccal branch of facial nerve - origin and its relation pattern to the parotid duct

2015 ◽  
Vol 04 (04) ◽  
pp. 173-178
Author(s):  
Sapna AK ◽  
Jayasree K.
Keyword(s):  
Facial Nerve ◽  
The Other ◽  
Successful Outcome ◽  
Face Lift ◽  
Lower Trunk ◽  
Parotid Duct ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Operating Surgeon ◽  
Buccal Branches

Abstract Background : The knowledge of anatomy of facial nerve and its terminal branches is important for the successful outcome in facial surgeries. The buccal branch of facial nerve due to its characteristic variations in origin and diverse relationship with the parotid duct can be easily injured during parotid duct surgery, parotidectomy or face lift operations. An operating surgeon would find it helpful if the course of buccal branch especially in relation to parotid duct is studied Aim : To describe the origin, course and number of buccal branches of facial nerve and its pattern of relation with the parotid duct. Materials & Methods : The study was done in 100 cadaveric cranial halves including fetuses. The buccal branch was observed for its origin and course. The relationship of buccal branch to the parotid duct was noted and classified accordingly. Results: Buccal branch originated from the lower trunk of facial nerve in 68 % and from the upper trunk in 28% while the two trunks contributed to the origin in 4%. The buccal branch passed inferior to parotid duct in 41% and superior to duct in 25%. In 28%, buccal branch formed a plexus over the duct along with other branches. In 6%, there were two branches, one passed superior and the other passed inferior to the parotid duct. Conclusion: The knowledge regarding the variations of buccal branch of facial nerve can be a surgeon's guide during facial surgeries.

scholarly journals Relationship between buccal branches of the facial nerve, parotid duct, buccal fat pad and Zuker’s point

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-96
Author(s):  
Özlem Elvan ◽  
Alev Bobuş Örs
Keyword(s):  
Facial Nerve ◽  
Fat Pad ◽  
Buccal Fat Pad ◽  
Parotid Duct ◽  
Intersection Points ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Formalin Fixed ◽  
Buccal Branches

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the relationship of the buccal branches of the facial nerve with the parotid duct, the buccal fat pad and the Zuker’s point, and reveal the incidence of the neural communications of buccal branch with the zygomatic and marginal mandibular branches of the facial nerve. Methods: Fifteen formalin-fixed cadaveric heads (8 females and 7 males) with a mean age of 73.93±14.42 years were dissected bilaterally to reveal the buccal, zygomatic and marginal mandibular branches of the facial nerve, the parotid duct and the buccal fat pad. Positional relationships of these structures and the anatomical features of buccal and zygomatic branches were evaluated. Results: The mean number of buccal and zygomatic branches was 2.40±0.62 and 1.90±0.60 respectively. Buccal branches crossed the parotid duct in 67%, formed a plexus along the parotid duct in 27% and coursed superior or inferior to the parotid duct without crossing in 6% of the dissected specimens. The mean number of intersection points of buccal branches on parotid duct was 4.03±1.03. Parotid duct crossed along the superior border of buccal fat pad in 66%, deep to buccal fat pad in 27% and between the superior and inferior lobes of buccal fat pad in 7%. Buccal branches crossed superficial to buccal fat pad in 80% and some branches passed superficial and through the buccal fat pad in 20%. Conclusion: It is essential to know the positional interrelations of the buccal branches of the facial nerve with the parotid duct and buccal fat pad for clinical implications. The relation of Zuker’s point with zygomatic and buccal branches and with parotid duct should not be overlooked.

Surgical anatomy of the dorsal scapular nerve

2005 ◽  
Vol 102 (5) ◽  
pp. 910-911 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Shane Tubbs ◽  
Elizabeth C. Tyler-Kabara ◽  
Alan C. Aikens ◽  
Justin P. Martin ◽  
Leslie L. Weed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trapezius Muscle ◽  
Spinal Nerve ◽  
Surgical Anatomy ◽  
Anterior Border ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Levator Scapulae ◽  
Human Cadavers ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Fine Print

Object. There is a paucity of literature regarding the surgical anatomy of the dorsal scapular nerve (DSN). The aim of this study was to elucidate the relationship of this nerve to surrounding anatomical structures. Methods. Ten formalin-fixed human cadavers (20 sides) were dissected, and measurements made between the DSN and related structures. The nerve pierced the middle scalene muscle at a mean distance of 3 cm from its origin from the cervical spine and was more or less centrally located at this exit site. It lay a mean distance of 1.5 cm medial to the vertebral border of the scapula between the serratus posterior superior, posterior scalene, and levator scapulae muscles. It was found to have a mean distance of 2.5 cm medial to the spinal accessory nerve as it traveled on the anterior border of the trapezius muscle. The nerve intertwined the dorsal scapular artery in all specimens and was found along the anterior border of the rhomboid muscles. On 19 sides the DSN originated solely from the C-5 spinal nerve, and on one side it arose from the C-5 and C-6 spinal nerves. Conclusions. Knowledge of the anatomy of the DSN will aid the surgeon who wishes to explore and decompress this structure.

The Relationship of the Temporal Branch of the Facial Nerve to the Fascial Planes of Temporal Region in Human Fetuses

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (8) ◽  
pp. 2151-2154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Özlem Elvan ◽  
Alev Bobuş Kara ◽  
Mesut Sabri Tezer ◽  
Mustafa Aktekin
Keyword(s):  
Facial Nerve ◽  
Temporal Region ◽  
Human Fetuses ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Spatial orientation of the facial nerve in relation to parotid tumours

2006 ◽  
Vol 120 (5) ◽  
pp. 371-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
D W Aird ◽  
P Puttasiddaiah ◽  
S Berry ◽  
C Spyridakou ◽  
M Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Facial Nerve ◽  
Close Association ◽  
District General Hospital ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pleomorphic Adenomas ◽  
Lower Division ◽  
Parotid Tumours ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Objective: The aim of this study was to identify the distribution of parotid tumours within the gland in relation to the facial nerve branches. Documentation revealing such a relationship has not been reported previously.Method: A prospective study involving 111 patients was carried out over a period of 18 years in a specialist otolaryngology unit within a district general hospital. The relationship of the facial nerve to the tumour was graded into six types. The grading system was then employed to categorize each case.Results: More than two-thirds of the tumours were pleomorphic adenomas. The majority of these were located in the body and not in the tail of the parotid gland. In 50 per cent of these cases, the tumour was in close association with the two major divisions of the facial nerve. In the case of Warthin's tumours, 47 per cent were located in the tail, below the lower division of the facial nerve.

scholarly journals Facial Nerve and the Temporal Region: A Clarification

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Badr M I Abdulrauf
Keyword(s):  
Facial Nerve ◽  
Temporal Region ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Surgical Residents ◽  
Extensive Literature Search ◽  
Temporoparietal Flap ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Flap Elevation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Made In

Due to the several layers of fasciae and their interchanging characteristics below and above the zygomatic arch, the temporal region anatomy has somewhat been unpleasant to comprehend and recall. The frontal branch of facial nerve is however the ultimate reason why it becomes important to study this area. Apart from Plastic, aesthetic and Reconstructive surgery, few other surgical specialties often need to work on this region, some of the common procedures include Coronal approaches; Zygoma fracture reduction; Temporoparietal flap elevation; Face and brow lift. We believe there is a need for clear and doubt free messages to be made in regard this topic. After an extensive literature search, we came up with a few conclusions and three key illustrations that we strongly believe are crucial to be remembered. The rationale of following certain path of dissection in the temporal region, depending on the planned operation is explained. Eponyms used in literature for various structures have been discussed and clarified. The relationship of the frontal nerve to its surrounding fasciae within the zygomatic zone and Temporoparietal fascia is further explored. This review and guidelines are specifically been developed and recommended as an educational tool for in training surgical residents of concerned specialties, as well for the seniors interested to refresh their knowledge in a simple presentation.

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