New Countermeasures for Coastal Levees as Stable and Safe Structures against Unexpected Sizes of Tsunami, Storm Surges, and River Flooding - To Cope with Emerging Disasters by Historical Earthquakes and Super Low Pressures around Coastal Mega Cities for Human Habitats in Hazardous Era -

Abstract. This paper aims to demonstrate the technical feasibility of a historical study devoted to French Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs) which can be prone to the extreme marine flooding events. It has been shown in the literature that the use of HI can significantly improve the probabilistic and statistical modeling of extreme events. There is a significant lack of historical data about marine flooding (storms and storm surges) compared to river flooding events. To address this data scarcity and to improve the estimation of the risk associated to the marine flooding hazards, a dataset of historical storms and storm surges that hit the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region during the five past centuries were recovered from archival sources, examined and used in a frequency analysis (FA) in order to assess its impact on the frequency estimations. This work on the Dunkirk site (representative of the Gravelines NPP) is a continuation of previous work performed on the La Rochelle site in France. Indeed, the frequency model (FM) used in the present paper had some success in the field of coastal hazards and it has been applied in previous studies to surge datasets to prevent marine flooding in the La Rochelle region in France. In a first step, only information collected from the literature (published reports, journal papers and PhD theses) is considered. A 1954 Coastal Engineering journal issue (Le Gorgeu and Guitonneau, 1954) on the reconstruction of the eastern dyke in Dunkirk has been more than a reference for this paper. It has indeed served as a main source of historical information (HI) in this study. Although this first historical dataset has extended the gauged record back in time to 1897, serious questions related to the exhaustiveness of the information and about the validity of the developed FM have remained unanswered. Additional qualitative and quantitative HI were extracted in a second step from many older archival sources. This work has led to the construction of storms and marine flooding sheets summarizing key data on each identified event. The quality control and the cross-validation of the collected information, which have been carried out systematically, indicate that it is valid and complete as regards extreme storms and storm surges. Most of the HI gathered displays a good agreement with other archival sources and documentary climate reconstructions. The probabilistic and statistical analysis of a dataset containing an exceptional observation considered as an outlier (i.e. the 1953 storm surge) has been significantly improved when the additional HI gathered in both literature and archives are used. As the historical data tend to be extreme, the right tail of the distribution has been reinforced and the 1953 exceptional event don't appear as an outlier any more. This new dataset provides a valuable source of information on storm surges for future characterization of coastal hazards.

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Storm Surges and River Flooding Bangladesh: A Rising Challenge in a Changing Global Climate

Land-Based and Marine Hazards ◽

10.1007/978-94-009-0273-2_8 ◽

1996 ◽

pp. 113-138 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Selina Begum

Keyword(s):

Global Climate ◽

Storm Surges ◽

River Flooding

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Downfall of Tokyo due to Devastating Compound Disaster

Journal of Disaster Research ◽

10.20965/jdr.2011.p0176 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 176-184 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Yoshiaki Kawata ◽

Keyword(s):

Global Warming ◽

Sea Level ◽

Storm Surge ◽

Storm Surges ◽

Difficult Problem ◽

Tokyo Bay ◽

Edo Period ◽

River Flooding ◽

Compound Disaster

Compound disasters are defined as double- or triplepunch disasters. As such, they cause more serious cumulative damage than individual disasters occurring independently. The independent occurrence of Tokyo metropolitan inland earthquakes is expected to kill 11,000 and cause ¥112 trillion in damage. An earthquake in Tokyo would also destroy river levees, coastal dikes, and disaster measure facilities such as water gates and locks due to liquefaction. Following such a earthquake, river flooding by the Tone and Arakawa rivers or storm surge overflow around Tokyo bay could easily occur along with strong typhoons. An Edo period (1603-1868) compound disaster involved the 1855 Ansei Edo earthquake and the 1856 Ansei Edo storm surge. With global warming progressively worsening, huge floods and storm surges are increasingly likely to occur independently. The risk that they will occur as part of a compound disaster is also increasing. Catastrophic disasters are characterized by being super-wide in area damage, compound in combining disasters, and prolonged in recovery. With the vast sea-level or low areas in Tokyo, long-term submergence due to inundation will be unavoidable. The most difficult problem, however, will be how to evacuate over 1 million people.

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Integrated Inundation Modeling of Flooded Water in Coastal Cities

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app9071313 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. 1313 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Eun Shin ◽

Jaehyun Shin ◽

Dong Rhee ◽

Hyung-Jun Kim ◽

Chang Song

Keyword(s):

Numerical Models ◽

Storm Surges ◽

Coastal Flooding ◽

Coastal Areas ◽

Simultaneous Occurrence ◽

River Flooding ◽

Coastal Cities ◽

Flood Simulations ◽

River Inundation ◽

Inundation Modeling

Climate change has increased the damage caused by subtropical rainfall and typhoons in coastal areas. Major flooding factors in coastal areas can be classified as storm surges, river inundation, and inland submergence. Because previous studies usually applied a linear sum of individual inundation components to predict comprehensive flood phenomena, this approach does not consider weighted effects associated with the simultaneous occurrence of complex flooding. In this study, a series of comprehensive flood simulations were performed using two numerical models: HDM-2D and FLUval Modeling ENgine (FLUMEN). The results revealed that an integrated flood analysis considering the effects of inundation flooding, river flooding, and coastal flooding required evaluation of the risk of flooding in coastal cities.

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