scholarly journals Detection of Victoria lineage influenza B viruses with K162 and N163 deletions in the hemagglutinin gene, South Africa, 2018

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Orienka Hellferscee ◽  
Florette Treurnicht ◽  
Lucinda Gaelejwe ◽  
Alexandra Moerdyk ◽  
Gary Reubenson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Hemagglutinin Gene

scholarly journals Global dynamic spatiotemporal pattern of seasonal influenza since 2009 influenza pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi-Wei Xu ◽  
Zhong-Jie Li ◽  
Wen-Biao Hu
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Seasonal Influenza ◽  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Spatiotemporal Pattern ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
2009 Influenza Pandemic ◽  
Influenza Seasonality

Abstract Background Understanding the global spatiotemporal pattern of seasonal influenza is essential for influenza control and prevention. Available data on the updated global spatiotemporal pattern of seasonal influenza are scarce. This study aimed to assess the spatiotemporal pattern of seasonal influenza after the 2009 influenza pandemic. Methods Weekly influenza surveillance data in 86 countries from 2010 to 2017 were obtained from FluNet. First, the proportion of influenza A in total influenza viruses (PA) was calculated. Second, weekly numbers of influenza positive virus (A and B) were divided by the total number of samples processed to get weekly positive rates of influenza A (RWA) and influenza B (RWB). Third, the average positive rates of influenza A (RA) and influenza B (RB) for each country were calculated by averaging RWA, and RWB of 52 weeks. A Kruskal-Wallis test was conducted to examine if the year-to-year change in PA in all countries were significant, and a universal kriging method with linear semivariogram model was used to extrapolate RA and RB in all countries. Results PA ranged from 0.43 in Zambia to 0.98 in Belarus, and PA in countries with higher income was greater than those countries with lower income. The spatial patterns of high RB were the highest in sub-Saharan Africa, Asia-Pacific region and South America. RWA peaked in early weeks in temperate countries, and the peak of RWB occurred a bit later. There were some temperate countries with non-distinct influenza seasonality (e.g., Mauritius and Maldives) and some tropical/subtropical countries with distinct influenza seasonality (e.g., Chile and South Africa). Conclusions Influenza seasonality is not predictable in some temperate countries, and it is distinct in Chile, Argentina and South Africa, implying that the optimal timing for influenza vaccination needs to be chosen with caution in these unpredictable countries.

scholarly journals Complete nucleotide sequence of the influenza B/Singapore/222/79 virus hemagglutinin gene and comparison with the B/Lee/40 hemagglutinin

1983 ◽  
Vol 11 (14) ◽  
pp. 4703-4712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martine Verhoeyen ◽  
Ludo Van Rompuy ◽  
Willy Min Jou ◽  
Danny Huylebroeck ◽  
Walter Fiers
Keyword(s):  
Nucleotide Sequence ◽  
Complete Nucleotide Sequence ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Hemagglutinin Gene

scholarly journals Epidemiology of influenza B/Yamagata and B/Victoria lineages in South Africa, 2005-2014

PLoS ONE ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. e0177655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mpho Seleka ◽  
Florette K. Treurnicht ◽  
Stefano Tempia ◽  
Orienka Hellferscee ◽  
Senzo Mtshali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Influenza B

scholarly journals Analysis of influenza B virus lineages and the HA1 domain of its hemagglutinin gene in Guangzhou, southern China, during 2016

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng Ye ◽  
Xiao-juan Chen ◽  
Wen-da Guan ◽  
Si-hua Pan ◽  
Zi-feng Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southern China ◽  
Influenza B Virus ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Hemagglutinin Gene

Evolutionary pattern of the hemagglutinin gene of influenza B viruses isolated in Japan: cocirculating lineages in the same epidemic season.

1990 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 2860-2865 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Kanegae ◽  
S Sugita ◽  
A Endo ◽  
M Ishida ◽  
S Senya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza B ◽  
Epidemic Season ◽  
Evolutionary Pattern ◽  
Hemagglutinin Gene

Time and Latitude in South Africa

1972 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 27-38
Author(s):  
J. Hers
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Cape Town ◽  
Astronomical Observations ◽  
Royal Observatory ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Astronomical Determination ◽  
Limited Accuracy ◽  
Better Than

In South Africa the modern outlook towards time may be said to have started in 1948. Both the two major observatories, The Royal Observatory in Cape Town and the Union Observatory (now known as the Republic Observatory) in Johannesburg had, of course, been involved in the astronomical determination of time almost from their inception, and the Johannesburg Observatory has been responsible for the official time of South Africa since 1908. However the pendulum clocks then in use could not be relied on to provide an accuracy better than about 1/10 second, which was of the same order as that of the astronomical observations. It is doubtful if much use was made of even this limited accuracy outside the two observatories, and although there may – occasionally have been a demand for more accurate time, it was certainly not voiced.

Lipid Polymorphism and Virus-Membrane Fusion as Observed in Vitrified Thin Films by Cryo-Electron Microscopy

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 492-493
Author(s):  
P.M. Frederik ◽  
K.N.J. Burger ◽  
M.C.A. Stuart ◽  
A.J. Verkleij
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Thin Films ◽  
Membrane Fusion ◽  
Film Formation ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Complex Structures ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Suspended Material ◽  
Cryo Electron Microscopy

Cellular membranes are often composed of phospholipid mixtures in which one or more components have a tendency to adopt a type II non-bilayer lipid structure such as the inverted hexagonal (H||) phase. The formation of a type II non-bilayer intermediate, the inverted lipid micel is proposed as the initial step in membrane fusion (Verkleij 1984, Siegel, 1986). In the various forms of cellular transport mediated by carrier vesicles (e.g. exocytosis, endocytosis) the regulation of membrane fusion, and hence of inverted lipid micel formation, is of vital importance.We studied the phase behaviour of simple and complex lipid mixtures by cryo-electron microscopy to gain more insight in the ultrastructure of different lipid phases (e.g. Pβ’, Lα, H||) and in the complex membrane structures arising after Lα < - > H|| phase changes (e.g. isotropic, cubic). To prepare hydrated thin films a 700 mesh hexagonal grid (without supporting film) was dipped into and withdrawn from a liposome suspension. The excess fluid was blotted against filter paper and the thin films that form between the bars of the specimen grid were immediately (within 1 second) vitrified by plunging of the carrier grids into ethane cooled to its melting point by liquid nitrogen (Dubochet et al., 1982). Surface active molecules such as phospholipids play an important role in the formation and thinning of these aqueous thin films (Frederik et al., 1989). The formation of two interfacial layers at the air-water interfaces requires transport of surface molecules from the suspension as well as the orientation of these molecules at the interfaces. During the spontaneous thinning of the film the interfaces approach each other, initially driven by capillary forces later by Van der Waals attraction. The process of thinning results in the sorting by size of the suspended material and is also accompanied by a loss of water from the thinner parts of the film. This loss of water may result in the concentration and eventually in partial dehydration of suspended material even if thin films are vitrified within 1 sec after their formation. Film formation and vitrification were initiated at temperatures between 20-60°C by placing die equipment in an incubator provided widi port holes for the necessary manipulations. Unilamellar vesicles were made from dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline (DPPC) by an extrusion method and showed a smooth (Lα) or a rippled (PB’.) structure depending on the temperature of the suspensions and the temperature of film formation (50°C resp. 39°C) prior to vitrification. The thermotropic phases of hydrated phospholipids are thus faithfully preserved in vitrified thin films (fig. a,b). Complex structures arose when mixtures of dioleoylphosphatidylethanol-amine (DOPE), dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC) and cholesterol (molar ratio 3/1/2) are heated and used for thin film formation. The tendency of DOPE to adopt the H|| phase is responsible for the formation of complex structures in this lipid mixture. Isotropic and cubic areas (fig. c,d) having a bilayer structure are found in coexistence with H|| cylinders (fig. e). The formation of interlamellar attachments (ILA’s) as observed in isotropic and cubic structures is also thought to be of importance in biological fusion events. Therefore the study of the fusion activity of influenza B virus with liposomes (DOPE/DOPC/cholesterol/ganglioside in a molar ratio 1/1/2/0.2) was initiated. At neutral pH only adsorption of virus to liposomes was observed whereas 2 minutes after a drop in pH (7.4 - > 5.4) fusion between virus and liposome membranes was demonstrated (fig. f). The micrographs illustrate the exciting potential of cryo-electron microscopy to study lipid-lipid and lipid-protein interactions in hydrated specimens.

Indirect Rule in South Africa

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Myers
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Indirect Rule

Combining Professional Interests and Travel: People to People Citizen Ambassador Program

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-54
Author(s):  
Alex Johnson ◽  
Amanda Hitchins
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Health Education ◽  
Communication Disorders ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Speech Language Pathologists ◽  
Exchange Program

Abstract This article summarizes a series of trips sponsored by People to People, a professional exchange program. The trips described in this report were led by the first author of this article and include trips to South Africa, Russia, Vietnam and Cambodia, and Israel. Each of these trips included delegations of 25 to 50 speech-language pathologists and audiologists who participated in professional visits to learn of the health, education, and social conditions in each country. Additionally, opportunities to meet with communication disorders professionals, students, and persons with speech, language, or hearing disabilities were included. People to People, partnered with the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA), provides a meaningful and interesting way to learn and travel with colleagues.

Resistant Influenza B Is Transmissible

2007 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
MARY ANN MOON
Keyword(s):  
Influenza B
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