Establishing arbitrary comparative relations and referential transformations of stimulus function in individuals with autism

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 938-955
Author(s):  
Jordan Belisle ◽  
Caleb R. Stanley ◽  
Ayla Schmick ◽  
Mark R. Dixon ◽  
Amani Alholail ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Function ◽  
Comparative Relations

scholarly journals Sperm chemotaxis is driven by the slope of the chemoattractant concentration field

eLife ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Héctor Vicente Ramírez-Gómez ◽  
Vilma Jimenez Sabinina ◽  
Martín Velázquez Pérez ◽  
Carmen Beltran ◽  
Jorge Carneiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Strongylocentrotus Purpuratus ◽  
Concentration Field ◽  
Stimulus Function ◽  
Frequency Entrainment ◽  
Sperm Chemotaxis ◽  
Coupling Force ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
First Time ◽  
Fundamental Requirement

Spermatozoa of marine invertebrates are attracted to their conspecific female gamete by diffusive molecules, called chemoattractants, released from the egg investments in a process known as chemotaxis. The information from the egg chemoattractant concentration field is decoded into intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) changes that regulate the internal motors that shape the flagellum as it beats. By studying sea urchin species-specific differences in sperm chemoattractant-receptor characteristics we show that receptor density constrains the steepness of the chemoattractant concentration gradient detectable by spermatozoa. Through analyzing different chemoattractant gradient forms, we demonstrate for the first time that Strongylocentrotus purpuratus sperm are chemotactic and this response is consistent with frequency entrainment of two coupled physiological oscillators: i) the stimulus function and ii) the [Ca2+]i changes. We demonstrate that the slope of the chemoattractant gradients provides the coupling force between both oscillators, arising as a fundamental requirement for sperm chemotaxis.

Ranking Entities Using Comparative Relations

2008 ◽  
pp. 124-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeshi Kurashima ◽  
Katsuji Bessho ◽  
Hiroyuki Toda ◽  
Toshio Uchiyama ◽  
Ryoji Kataoka
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Relations

The role of verbal behavior in the establishment of comparative relations

2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (2) ◽  
pp. 322-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jocelyn E. Diaz ◽  
Shannon M. Luoma ◽  
Caio F. Miguel
Keyword(s):  
Verbal Behavior ◽  
Comparative Relations

IS INCOMPARABILITY A PROBLEM FOR ANYONE?

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
NIEN-HÊ HSIEH
Keyword(s):  
Intuitive Appeal ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Comparative Relations ◽  
Better Than

The incomparability of alternatives is thought to pose a problem for justified choice, particularly for proponents of comparativism – the view that comparative facts about alternatives determine what one rationally ought to choose. As a solution, it has been argued that alternatives judged incomparable by one of the three standard comparative relations, “better than,” “worse than,” and “equally good,” are comparable by some fourth relation, such as “roughly equal” or “on a par.” This solution, however, comes at what many would regard as too high a cost – namely, rejection of the transitivity of the relation “at least as good as.” In this paper, I argue that proponents of comparativism need not incur this cost. I defend the possibility of justified choice between incomparable alternatives on grounds that comparativists can accept. The possibility of incomparability has been met with resistance, in part because of the intuitive appeal of comparativism. By defending the possibility of justified choice between incomparable alternatives on grounds that comparativists can accept, this paper supports further inquiry into the subject of incomparability.

A Scale-Invariant Internal Representation of Time

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karthik H. Shankar ◽  
Marc W. Howard
Keyword(s):  
Laplace Transform ◽  
Internal Representation ◽  
Present Moment ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Invariant Representation ◽  
Scale Invariant ◽  
Stimulus Function ◽  
The Laplace Transform ◽  
Representation Of Time ◽  
Temporal Spread

We propose a principled way to construct an internal representation of the temporal stimulus history leading up to the present moment. A set of leaky integrators performs a Laplace transform on the stimulus function, and a linear operator approximates the inversion of the Laplace transform. The result is a representation of stimulus history that retains information about the temporal sequence of stimuli. This procedure naturally represents more recent stimuli more accurately than less recent stimuli; the decrement in accuracy is precisely scale invariant. This procedure also yields time cells that fire at specific latencies following the stimulus with a scale-invariant temporal spread. Combined with a simple associative memory, this representation gives rise to a moment-to-moment prediction that is also scale invariant in time. We propose that this scale-invariant representation of temporal stimulus history could serve as an underlying representation accessible to higher-level behavioral and cognitive mechanisms. In order to illustrate the potential utility of this scale-invariant representation in a variety of fields, we sketch applications using minimal performance functions to problems in classical conditioning, interval timing, scale-invariant learning in autoshaping, and the persistence of the recency effect in episodic memory across timescales.

The Interaction between Discriminative Stimuli and Outcomes during Instrumental Learning

2003 ◽  
Vol 56 (1b) ◽  
pp. 127-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Dickinson ◽  
Sanne de Wit
Keyword(s):  
Sucrose Solution ◽  
Food Pellet ◽  
Instrumental Learning ◽  
The Other ◽  
Food Type ◽  
Instrumental Performance ◽  
Stimulus Function ◽  
Associative Structures ◽  
Congruent Group ◽  
Biconditional Discrimination

Rats were trained on a biconditional discrimination in which the delivery of a food pellet stimulus signalled that pressing on one of two levers would be reinforced, whereas the delivery of a sucrose solution stimulus signalled that the reward was contingent on pressing the other lever. The outcome was the same food type as the discriminative stimulus in the congruent group but the other food type in the incongruent group. Both responses were rewarded with the same outcome in the same group. All the three groups learned the discrimination at statistically indistinguishable rates. Prefeeding one of the outcomes selectively reduced the associated response thereby demonstrating that responding was mediated by a representation of the outcome. Moreover, the outcome of one trial controlled responding on the next trial in accord with the stimulus function of the food type. These results are discussed in relation to the associative structures mediating the discriminative control of instrumental performance.

Competitiveness analysis through comparative relation mining

2017 ◽  
Vol 117 (4) ◽  
pp. 672-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongwei Wang ◽  
Song Gao ◽  
Pei Yin ◽  
James Nga-Kwok Liu
Keyword(s):  
Online Reviews ◽  
Purchase Decisions ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Online Consumer Reviews ◽  
Product Features ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Comparative Relations ◽  
Sequence Rule ◽  
Relation Mining

Purpose Comparative opinions widely exist in online reviews as a common way of expressing consumers’ ideas or preferences toward certain products. Such opinion-rich texts are key proxies for detecting product competitiveness. The purpose of this paper is to set up a model for competitiveness analysis by identifying comparative relations from online reviews for restaurants based on both pattern matching and machine learning. Design/methodology/approach The authors define the sub-category of comparative sentences according to Chinese linguistics. Classification rules are set up for each type of comparative relations through class sequence rule. To improve the accuracy of classification, a comparative entity dictionary is then introduced for further identifying comparative sentences. Finally, the authors collect reviews for restaurants from Dianping.com to conduct experiments for testing the proposed model. Findings The experiments show that the proposed method outperforms the baseline methods in terms of precision in identifying comparative sentences. On the basis of such comparison-rich sentences, product features and comparative relations are extracted for sentiment analysis, and sentimental score is assigned to each comparative relation to facilitate competitiveness analysis. Research limitations/implications Only the explicit comparative relations are discussed, neglecting the implicit ones. Besides that, the study is grounded in the assumption that all features are homogeneous. In some cases, however, the weights to different aspects are not of the same importance to market. Practical implications On the basis of comparative relation mining, product features and comparative opinions are extracted for competitiveness analysis, which is of interest to businesses for finding weakness or strength of products, as well as to consumers for making better purchase decisions. Social implications Comparative relation mining could be possibly applied in social media for identifying relations among users or products, and ranking users or products, as well as helping companies target and track competitors to enhance competitiveness. Originality/value The authors propose a research framework for restaurant competitiveness analysis by mining comparative relations from online consumer reviews. The results would be able to differentiate one restaurant from another in some aspects of interest to consumers, and reveal the changes in these differences over time.

scholarly journals Sperm chemotaxis is driven by the slope of the chemoattractant concentration field

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.V. Ramírez-Gómez ◽  
V. Jimenez Sabinina ◽  
M. Velázquez-Pérez ◽  
C. Beltrán ◽  
J. Carneiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Concentration Field ◽  
Stimulus Function ◽  
Frequency Entrainment ◽  
Sperm Chemotaxis ◽  
Coupling Force ◽  
Intracellular Ca ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
First Time ◽  
Fundamental Requirement

AbstractSpermatozoa of marine invertebrates are attracted to their conspecific female gamete by diffusive molecules, called chemoattractants, released from the egg investments in a process known as chemotaxis. The information from the egg chemoattractant concentration field is decoded into intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) changes that regulate the internal motors that shape the flagellum as it beats. By studying sea urchin species-specific differences in sperm chemoattractant-receptor characteristics we show that receptor density constrains the steepness of the chemoattractant concentration gradient detectable by spermatozoa. Through analyzing different chemoattractant gradient forms, we demonstrate for the first time that Strongylocentrotus purpuratus sperm are chemotactic and this response is consistent with frequency entrainment of two coupled physiological oscillators: i) the stimulus function and ii) the [Ca2+]i changes. We demonstrate that the slope of the chemoattractant gradients provides the coupling force between both oscillators, arising as a fundamental requirement for sperm chemotaxis.

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