UNDERSTANDING OF COMPARATIVE AND OPPOSING RELATIONSHIP IN A COMPLEX SENTENCE

The article is devoted to the study of the content of the concepts of comparative relations, oppositional relations in a complex sentence. The work shows the ambiguity of these terms and their possible identification through the notion of opposition

Comparative Analysis of Comparative FE Darginian and English Languages

The article is devoted to the comparative analysis of comparative phraseological units of the Dargin and English languages. It is noted that one of the main features is the feature that distinguishes a comparative stable phrase as a special group of phraseological units. In the Darginian literary language, the most active way of forming comparative relations between the elements of stable word combinations is the comparative particles-wang, - tsad, - guna. The same meanings are expressed by the English comparative elements of the adjective as, the verb like.

Phraseologized morphemic structure of image derivatives and conditions for establishing motivational relationships

The influence of motivational relations on the phraseologisation of the morpheme structure of a derived word is analyzed the article. The main factors that help to find the hidden semantic components of figurative derivatives that have not received formal expression are outlined. Figuratively motivated derivative units, the morpheme structure of which cannot reflect the entire amount of information related to this element of reality are the object of the study. The phraseologization of the morpheme structure of figurative derivatives is caused by several factors: 1) the absence of the indication to the nomination object in the morpheme structure of the word; 2) «blurriness» of features – the basis of figurative and comparative relations; the speaker has to establish this feature independently, based on the typical figurative ideas inherent in the collective consciousness of a particular ethnic community; 3) the invariance of the affixes meanings. The conditions for establishing motivational relationships, namely, the presence of a minimal contextual environment of the derivative, play an important role in determining the hidden semantic components. In addition, the meaning of the word-forming formants should also be taken into account. The verbal context enables to actualize in the semantics of the figurative derivative the motivational feature that served as the basis for the formation of individual lexical and word-forming meaning, which is more or less part of the structure of lexical meaning of the word. In some cases, particularly for derivative words rarely used in modern language (obsolete, socially marked ones, etc.), synonymous relations can be such a kind of «context». In addition to the verbal context, an important element for establishing motivational features is the reliance on the internal context, which helps to understand the content of figurative derivatives by referring to the diverse knowledge of native speakers about the motivator and the stable associative and figurative representations fixed by it.

Quantities

Quantitative properties are those that come in degrees, which we represent with numbers. A metaphysical account of quantity - in my view an account of the fundamental quantitative features - must explain the possibility of numerical representation; and such an account will have implications for the laws of nature in which quantitative properties figure. One such account is comparativism, the view that the fundamental quantitative features are comparative relations. Comparativism passes a minimum test (which certain other accounts fail): enabling strong laws of nature. But questions arise about the kinds of laws it enables. Hartry Field's insistence on "intrinsic" laws is examined, as well as David John Baker's argument that comparativism undermines determinism. In the end a pessimistic conclusion emerges: any account of the fundamental quantitative features, whether comparativist or no, seems to require unattractively arbitrary choices.

Does the Collapsing Principle Rule Out Borderline Cases?

If ‘F’ is a predicate, then ‘Fer than’ or ‘more F than’ is a corresponding comparative relational predicate. Concerning such comparative relations, John Broome's Collapsing Principle states that, for any x and y, if it is false that y is Fer than x and not false that x is Fer than y, then it is true that x is Fer than y. Luke Elson has recently put forward two counter-examples to this principle, allegedly showing that it yields contradictions if there are borderline cases. In this article, I argue that the Collapsing Principle does not rule out borderline cases, but I also argue that the principle is implausible.