Some modern chemical balances

Due to the rapid development of the modern chemical industry, a large amount of chlorophenol pollutants remain in the environment. It poses a serious threat to the ecological environment and human health. Advanced oxidation technologies (AOPs) have the characteristics of mild reaction conditions and strong oxidation capacity, and are currently recognized as safe and effective pollutant treatment technologies. In this study, natural lead-rich biochar materials were used to activate sodium persulfate to degrade 2,4-dichlorophenol, and natural lead-rich biochar modified TiO2 photocatalytically degraded 2,4-dichlorophenol. Then, using natural lead-rich metal biochar/TiO2 material, photocatalysis combined with active sodium persulfate to degrade 2,4-dichlorophenol. The experimental results show that the combination of photocatalysis and activated sodium persulfate reaction can completely degrade 100 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenol under UV light for 3 h, and the degradation efficiency is much higher than the sum of the two separate reactions. Quenching experiments show that SO4- • radicals play the most important role in the three free radicals (SO4- •, •OH and •O2- ) in the advanced oxidation combination system. Finally, the reaction mechanism of the two advanced oxidation combined systems are speculated.

Download Full-text

Chemical Weapons in the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988). 1. Iraq Preparing for Chemical War

Journal of NBC Protection Corps ◽

10.35825/2587-5728-2019-3-1-40-64 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 40-64

Author(s):

Supotnitskiy M.V. Kovtun V.A.

Keyword(s):

Iraq War ◽

Middle Eastern ◽

Future Research ◽

Chemical Weapons ◽

Technical Documentation ◽

Industrial Base ◽

Chemical Agents ◽

Third World Country ◽

Wide Range ◽

Modern Chemical

The Iraqis became the first nation to use chemical weapons on the modern battlefield during the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988). There are no general reviews and research available on this issue in Russian. It also puts the Russian researchers in an unequal position in comparison with their Western and Middle Eastern colleagues, who have such information from a wide range of sources. This lack of knowledge limits our ability to understand the secret mechanisms that trigger modern chemical wars in the Middle East. The analysis in the present study is based on different Western sources, UN and CIA materials. The article shows that Iraq – a third world country with the population of 16,3 million people in 1980-ies and relatively low educational level – could start its chemical weapons program only due to the Western aid and assistance (supplies of the precursors, technologies and technical documentation, education of specialists, diplomatic support ect). Only due to this assistance the Iraqi`s chemical weapons program could become successful. The industrial production of chemical agents and chemical munitions of various tactical purposes was established by the Iraqis in less than 10 years. By the end of the 1980-ies, the Iraqi chemists laid the foundations of the future research in the sphere of toxic chemicals. The industrial base for the production of CW have also been established. For Russia, the success of the Iraq`s chemical weapons program is a warning. It means that technically backward, but oil rich quasi-state can acquire chemical weapons in a few years with the clandestine support of the same «sponsors», and use it both for provocations and for conducting combat operations in the regions, vital for Russia`s interests.

Download Full-text

Investigation on the Screening Model of Chemical Hazards Based on the Risk of Domino Effect and Terrorist Attack

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202019803006 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 198 ◽

pp. 03006

Author(s):

Huang Wenduo ◽

Shao Xuechun ◽

Wang Jiajie ◽

Xiao Yang ◽

Sun Dongliang

Keyword(s):

Terrorist Attack ◽

Risk Index ◽

Terrorist Attacks ◽

Chemical Plants ◽

Domino Effect ◽

Screening Model ◽

Chemical Hazards ◽

Modern Chemical ◽

Screening And Identification ◽

Accident Scenarios

The heavy losses are often caused in modern chemical plants at the time of the accident. In order to prevent accidents, the screening and identification of hazards is needed. In this paper, the screening model of hazards in chemical plants was studied under the domino effect and the risk of terrorist attack. According to the threshold and strength of the domino effect of the unit under the main accident scenarios, the index of domino effect was developed. The risk index of terrorist attacks was determined in line with the distance between the unit and the boundary under the assumption of terrorist attacks. The hazards screening model Z was designed based on two aspects of the study. The model was applied in screening the hazards. The results showed that closer units near the border were more dangerous under the risk of terrorist attack, and the devices surrounded by units with greater influence of accidents were more dangerous under the risk of domino effect. The indices of the tanks were ordered: Z105>Z101>Z103>Z106>Z104>Z102>Z201>Z202>Z203>Z204>Z205>Z206>Z303>Z304>Z301>Z302>Z306>Z305. The domino effect and the risk of terrorist attacks were combined into the present model for perfection and correction of the existing hazards screening model, as the new basis for major hazards identification.

Download Full-text

Modern Chemistry: the Eomance of Modern Chemical Discoveries

Nature ◽

10.1038/130795b0 ◽

1932 ◽

Vol 130 (3291) ◽

pp. 795-795

Author(s):

J. R. P.

Keyword(s):

Modern Chemistry ◽

Modern Chemical

Download Full-text

Modern Chemical Lecture Diagrams, with Uses and Applications fully described

Nature ◽

10.1038/110571d0 ◽

1922 ◽

Vol 110 (2765) ◽

pp. 571-571

Keyword(s):

Modern Chemical

Download Full-text

Biomineralization and biotransformations of actinide materials

MRS Bulletin ◽

10.1557/mrs2010.711 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 35 (11) ◽

pp. 849-857 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Mary P. Neu ◽

Hakim Boukhalfa ◽

Mohamed L. Merroun

Keyword(s):

Nuclear Waste ◽

Material Science ◽

Molecular Complexes ◽

Research Area ◽

Science Methods ◽

Wide Range ◽

Modern Chemical ◽

Environmental Bacteria ◽

Chemical Conditions ◽

New Research

Microorganisms moderate local chemical conditions and alter forms of metals indirectly or directly to meet their cellular, species, and consortia needs. The diversity of microorganisms and the complexity of biogeochemical systems ensures that bacterially mediated processes yield a wide range of products, which await discovery by material scientists. Few types of materials produced by environmental bacteria have been analyzed by modern chemical and material science methods. Research on actinide biomaterials has focused on the biomineralization of a few chemical forms of uranium, neptunium, and plutonium. The materials produced are molecular complexes, microcrystalline minerals (most commonly oxides and phosphates) within cells and biofilms, and mineral adsorbates. The actinide biomaterials that emerge from this new research area will impact nuclear waste isolation and increase our understanding of environmental and geological metal cycles and may yield new bioremediation methods and industrially useful materials.

Download Full-text