X-rays of inner worlds: The mid-twentieth-century American Projective Test Movement

2011 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Lemov
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Projective Test

scholarly journals A Review of Shaped Charge Variables for its Optimum Performance

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 4917-4924
Author(s):  
K. Naeem ◽  
A. Hussain ◽  
S. Abbas
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Powder Metallurgy ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Shaped Charge ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Detailed Review ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Late Twentieth Century ◽  
Land Water ◽  
Explosive Detonation

Shaped charge is a device for focusing the chemical energy of explosives to a particular point or line for penetration or cutting purpose respectively. They are used for the penetration or cutting of various types of targets on land, water, underground, underwater, or air. Their shape is either conical or linear and consists of explosive, casing and liner. The liner is bent towards the central axis producing a thin hypervelocity jet by the energy released as a result of the explosive detonation. This jet is utilized against the target. Shaped charges can perforate or penetrate targets like aircrafts, ships, submarines, armored vehicles, battle tanks, and bunkers. This paper presents a detailed review of analytical works, computer simulations, and experimental results related to the liner. Among modern diagnostic techniques flash x-rays, radiography is most used in the experiments performed in the last 40 years. Powder metallurgy, which started in the late twentieth century raised the efficiency of shaped charges to new altitudes. The efficiency of the shaped charge depends on numerous factors such as explosive’s type, liner’s material, geometry and metallurgy, manufacturing technique, and casing thickness. Factors concerning the liner’s material, metallurgical advancements, and geometry are discussed chronologically and in detail.

Twentieth Century and Beyond

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Don S. Lemons
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
General Relativity ◽  
Brownian Motion ◽  
Atomic Nucleus ◽  
Hydrogen Atom ◽  
Early Universe ◽  
Higgs Field ◽  
Photoelectric Effect ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Matter Waves

During this period the diagrams that convey the ideas of physics become more symbolic and less representational. Rutherford’s discovery of the atomic nucleus (1910), Niels Bohr’s model of the Hydrogen atom (1913), matter waves (1924), and the transition from an early universe with no Higgs field to a universe with a Higgs field (2012) are examples of this point. The photoelectric effect (1905), Brownian motion (1905), X-rays and crystals (1912), general relativity (1915), the expanding universe (1927-1929), and the global greenhouse effect (1988) remain accessible with a simple representational sketch.

Pioneers in Optics: Louis de Broglie and Edwin Herbert Land

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 44-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael W. Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Albert Einstein ◽  
Theoretical Physics ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Considerable Influence ◽  
Max Planck ◽  
Dual Nature ◽  
Early Twentieth Century

In the early twentieth century, the long standing argument about whether the character of light was particle-based or wavelike was finally coming to an end as the scientists of the day began to accept that light could assume a dual nature. The possibility that such a duality might apply to matter as well as light was first proposed by physicist Louis de Broglie. Born in Dieppe, France, de Broglie studied in Paris and was descended from members of the French nobility. In his youth, he considered a career as a diplomat but later turned to science and pursued the study of theoretical physics. His brother, Maurice, who had also decided to become a physicist and made many advances in the study of X rays, reportedly had a considerable influence on de Broglie and was the first to introduce him to the work of Albert Einstein and Max Planck.

Ether and Modernity

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Performing Arts ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Radio Broadcasting ◽  
Modern Physics ◽  
Epistemic Object ◽  
Oliver Lodge ◽  
Book Display

This book is a snapshot of the ether qua epistemic object in the early twentieth century. It shows that the ether was not necessarily regarded as the residue of old-fashioned science, but often as one of the objects of modernity, hand in hand with the electron, radioactivity or X-rays. Instrumental in this was the emergence of wireless technologies and radio broadcasting, which brought the ether into social audiences who would otherwise have never heard about it. Following the prestige of scientists like Oliver Lodge and Arthur Eddington as popularisers of science, the ether became common currency among the general educated public. Modernism in the arts was also fond of the ether in the early twentieth century: the values of modernism found in the complexities and contradictions of modern physics provided a fertile ground for the development of new artistic languages, in literature as much as in the pictorial and performing arts. The question of what was meant by ‘ether’ (or ‘aether’) in the early twentieth century at the scientific and cultural levels is also central to this book. The chapters in this book display a complex array of meanings that will help elucidate the uses of the ether before its purported abandonment. Rather than considering ether as simply a term that remained popular in several groups, this book shows the complexities of an epistemic object that saw, in the early twentieth century, the last episode in the long tradition of stretching its meaning and uses.

Science, Occultism, and the Art of the Avant-Garde in the Early Twentieth Century

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tessel M. Bauduin
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Fourth Dimension ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Modern Artists

In the early twentieth century, scientific discoveries such as n-dimensionality, x-rays, and electromagnetism made their way into the discourse of Occultism, where they were subsequently reframed as the occult fourth dimension, clairvoyant x-ray vision, and thought vibration. As this article will show, modern artists such as the Early Abstract artists and the futurists, interested in Occultism as an avenue to a more spiritual art, integrated the by now ‘occultised’ ideas into their art and worldview.

The Invasion of the Periodic Table by Physics

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Scerri
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Brownian Motion ◽  
Periodic System ◽  
Periodic Table ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Cavendish Laboratory ◽  
Experimental Support ◽  
Experimental Physicist ◽  
Scientific Life

Although John Dalton had reintroduced the notion of atoms to science, many debates followed among chemists, most of whom refused to accept that atoms existed literally. One of these skeptical chemists was Mendeleev, but as we saw in the previous chapter this does not seem to have prevented him from publishing the most successful periodic system of all those proposed at the time. Following the work of physicists like Einstein and Perrin, the atom’s reality became more and more firmly established starting at the turn of the twentieth century. Einstein’s 1905 paper on Brownian motion, using statistical methods, provided conclusive theoretical justification for the existence of atoms but lacked experimental support. The latter was soon provided by the French experimental physicist Jean Perrin. This work led in turn to many lines of research aimed at exploring the structure of the atom, and many developments that were to have a big influence on attempts to understand the periodic system theoretically. In this chapter we consider some of this atomic research as well as several other key discoveries in twentieth-century physics that contributed to what might be called the invasion of the periodic table by physics. The discovery of the electron, the first hint that the atom had a substructure, came in 1897 at the hands of the legendary J. J. Thomson, working at the Cavendish laboratory in Cambridge. A little earlier, in 1895, Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen had discovered X-rays in Würzburg, Germany. These new rays would soon be put to very good use by Henry Moseley, a young physicist working first in Manchester and, for the remainder of his short scientific life, in Oxford. Just a year after Röntgen had described his X-rays, Henri Becquerel in Paris discovered the enormously important phenomenon of radioactivity, whereby certain atoms break up spontaneously while emitting a number of different, new kinds of rays. The term “radioactivity” was actually coined by the Polish-born Marie Slodowska (later Curie).

Umberto Boccioni’s Elasticity, Italian Futurism and the Ether of Space

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Dalrymple Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Elastic Energy ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Central Theme ◽  
Italian Futurism ◽  
General Lack ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Contemporary Science ◽  
Oliver Lodge ◽  
Electric Theory

This chapter focuses on Umberto Boccioni’s 1913 painting Elasticity and his response to the ether in both its scientific and its occult contexts. The absence of translations of Boccioni’s 1914 book Pittura scultura futuriste, combined with the general lack of knowledge of early twentieth-century ether physics, has obscured this central theme of Boccioni’s art and theory. Boccioni’s treatise is, in fact, filled with references to contemporary science, including X-rays, Hertzian waves, electrons and ‘the electric theory of matter’. The latter reference suggests his specific awareness of Oliver Lodge, whose ideas and writings were well known in Italy—in both popular scientific and occult sources. Indeed, for futurists such as Boccioni, as for so many others in the early twentieth century, occultism (including spiritualism) and science seemed to be equally valid routes for exploring the unknown. Lodge’s writings about an elastic, energy-filled, matter-producing ether surely provided the stimulus for Boccioni’s Elasticity.

scholarly journals Francis Harry Compton Crick OM. 8 June 1916 — 28 July 2004

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 ◽  
pp. 159-196
Author(s):  
Mark S. Bretscher ◽  
Graeme Mitchison
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Small Molecules ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Profound Change ◽  
Francis Crick ◽  
Structure Of Proteins

The first half of the twentieth century saw a profound change in our understanding of the chemistry underlying biology. We came to learn in detail how the small molecules upon which life is based are interconverted by specific enzymes, a web which increased in complexity and became modern biochemistry. Intellectually, a quite separate development—molecular biology—arose from physicists and chemists studying the structure of proteins with X-rays, and biologists studying viruses that infect bacteria. Its intellectual thrust was to discover how information in genes is expressed and controlled. This led to a revolution in our understanding of biology, and no person was more influential in shaping and guiding this emerging field than Francis Crick.

The Nucleus and the Periodic Table: Radioactivity, Atomic Number, and Isotopy

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Scerri
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Nuclear Structure ◽  
Atomic Number ◽  
Alpha Particle ◽  
Periodic Table ◽  
Radioactive Decay ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Harsh Criticism ◽  
Influence Attempts

Theories of the atom were reintroduced into science by John Dalton and were taken up and debated by chemists in the nineteenth century. As noted in preceding chapters, atomic weights and equivalent weights were determined and began to influence attempts to classify the elements. Many physicists were at first reluctant to accept the notion of atoms, with the tragic exception of Ludwig Boltzmann, who came under such harsh criticism for his support of atomism that he eventually took his own life. But around the turn of the twentieth century, the tide began to turn, and physicists not only adopted the atom but transformed the whole of science by performing numerous experiments aimed at probing its structure. Their work had a profound influence on chemistry and, more specifically for our interests here, the explanation and presentation of the periodic table. Beginning with J.J. Thomson’s discovery of the electron in 1897, developments came quickly. In 1911, Ernest Rutherford proposed the nuclear structure of the atom, and by 1920 he had named the proton and the neutron. All of this work was made possible by the discovery of X-rays in 1895, which allowed physicists to probe the atom, and by the discovery of radioactivity in 1896. The phenomenon of radioactivity destroyed the ancient concept of the immutability of the atom once and for all and demonstrated that one element could be transformed into another, thus in a sense achieving the goal that the alchemists had sought in vain. The discovery of radioactivity led to the eventual realization that the atom, which took its name from the idea that it was indivisible, could in fact be subdivided into more basic particles: the proton, neutron, and electron. Rutherford was the first to try to “split the atom,” something he achieved by using one of the newly discovered products of radioactive decay, the alpha particle.

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