Molecular Evolution of Viral Fusion and Matrix Protein Genes and Phylogenetic Relationships among the Paramyxoviridae

2001 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristi M Westover ◽  
Austin L Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Evolution ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Matrix Protein ◽  
Viral Fusion

scholarly journals Molecular Evolution of Large Virulence Plasmid inShigella Clones and EnteroinvasiveEscherichia coli

2001 ◽  
Vol 69 (10) ◽  
pp. 6303-6309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruiting Lan ◽  
Brad Lumb ◽  
David Ryan ◽  
Peter R. Reeves
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Molecular Evolution ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Shigella Flexneri ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lateral Transfer ◽  
Virulence Plasmid ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Chromosomal Genes ◽  
Cluster 2

ABSTRACT Three genes, ipgD, mxiC, and mxiA,all in the invasion region of the Shigella virulence plasmid, were sequenced from strains representing a range ofShigella serotypes and from two enteroinvasiveEscherichia coli (EIEC) isolates. The plasmids can be classified into two relatively homogeneous sequence forms which are quite distinct. pINV A plasmids are found in Shigella flexneri strains F6 and F6A, S. boydii strains B1, B4, B9, B10, B14, and B15, S. dysenteriae strains D3, D4, D6, D8, D9, D10, and D13, and the two EIEC strains (M519 and M520). pINV B plasmids are present in S. flexneristrains F1A, F2A, F3A, F3C, F4A, and FY, two S. boydiistrains (B11 and B12), and S. sonnei. The D1 pINV plasmid is a recombinant with ipgD gene more closely related to those of pINV A but with mxiA andmxiC genes more closely related to those of pINV B. The phylogenetic relationships of the plasmid and those of the chromosomal genes of Shigella strains are largely consistent. The cluster 1 and cluster 3 strains tested (G.M. Pupo, R. Lan, and P. R. Reeves, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:10567–10572, 2000) have pINV A and pINV B plasmids, respectively. However, of the three cluster 2 strains (B9, B11, and B15), B9 and B15 have pINV A while B11 has a pINV B plasmid. Those Shigella (D8 and D10 and S. sonnei) and EIEC strains which do not group with the main body of Shigella strains based on chromosomal genes were found to have plasmids belonging to one or the other of the two types and must have acquired these by lateral transfer.

scholarly journals Phylogenomic analyses support traditional relationships within Cnidaria

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe Zapata ◽  
Freya E Goetz ◽  
Stephen A Smith ◽  
Mark Howison ◽  
Stefan Siebert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Evolution ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Diverse Group ◽  
Transcriptome Data ◽  
Evolutionary Processes ◽  
Phylogenetic Hypotheses ◽  
Phylogenomic Analyses

Cnidaria, the sister group to Bilateria, is a highly diverse group of animals in terms of morphology, lifecycles, ecology, and development. How this diversity originated and evolved is not well understood because phylogenetic relationships among major cnidarian lineages are unclear, and recent studies present contrasting phylogenetic hypotheses. Here, we use transcriptome data from 15 newly-sequenced species in combination with 26 publicly available genomes and transcriptomes to assess phylogenetic relationships among major cnidarian lineages. Phylogenetic analyses using different partition schemes and models of molecular evolution, as well as topology tests for alternative phylogenetic relationships, support the monophyly of Medusozoa, Anthozoa, Octocorallia, Hydrozoa, and a clade consisting of Staurozoa, Cubozoa, and Scyphozoa. Support for the monophyly of Hexacorallia is weak due to the equivocal position of Ceriantharia. Taken together, these results further resolve deep cnidarian relationships, largely support traditional phylogenetic views on relationships, and provide a historical framework for studying the evolutionary processes involved in one of the most ancient animal radiations.

scholarly journals Part of the C-terminal tail of the envelope gp41 transmembrane glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is exposed on the surface of infected cells and is involved in virus-mediated cell fusion

2005 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Cheung ◽  
Lesley McLain ◽  
Mark J. Hollier ◽  
Steven A. Reading ◽  
Nigel J. Dimmock
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Cell Fusion ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Matrix Protein ◽  
Viral Fusion ◽  
Transmembrane Glycoprotein ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1

The C-terminal tail of the gp41 transmembrane glycoprotein of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) virion is usually thought to be inside the virion, but it has been shown recently that part of the tail is exposed on the virion exterior. Here, using a panel of antibodies, it was demonstrated that the same part of the tail is exposed on the surface of HIV-1-infected C8166 lymphoblastoid cells and HeLa cells infected with a gp41-expressing vaccinia virus recombinant. Both types of infected cell failed to react with p17 matrix protein-specific IgGs until permeabilized with saponin, confirming the integrity of the plasma membrane. Cell-surface exposure of the gp41 tail was independently demonstrated by inhibition of HIV-1-mediated cell–cell fusion by one of the gp41 tail-specific antibodies. These data also implicate the exposed region of the gp41 C-terminal tail either directly or indirectly in the viral fusion process. Its surface exposure suggests that the gp41 C-terminal tail may be a candidate for immune intervention or chemotherapy of infection.

Escalonius, a new subgenus of Calochromus Guérin-Méneville, 1833 identified by the molecular phylogeny of Calochromini (Coleoptera: Lycidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4461 (1) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
MICHAL MOTYKA ◽  
LADISLAV BOCAK
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Molecular Evolution ◽  
Molecular Phylogeny ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Small Body ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
New Subgenus ◽  
Lateral Margins

Calochromini is a net-winged beetle lineage with seven genera and world-wide distribution. The recently collected morphologically divergent Calochromus amabilis Lea, 1899 was sequenced to recover its relationships and a three-marker DNA dataset was assembled from 27 Calochromini from GenBank and new data for C. amabilis. The phylogenetic analysis recovered C. amabilis nested deep within Calochromus s. l. in a sister-position to Calochromus s. str. C. amabilis represents an early diversified and morphologically distinct species, for which the subgenus Escalonius subgen. nov. is erected. In contrast with its phylogenetic relationships, Escalonius subgen. nov. differs from other morphologically uniform Calochromus subgenera. Calochromus (Escalonius) amabilis has a small body, serrate antennae, the pronotum with concave lateral margins, and the long phallus surpassing the apices of parameres. The results demonstrate the unlinked morphological and molecular evolution of Calochromini.         The key to world genera and subgenera is presented and all diagnostic characters are illustrated. 

scholarly journals Shell matrix proteins - a potential tool for investigating the phylogenetic relationships of the Echinodermata

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 236-236
Author(s):  
Emma S. Polson ◽  
J. Lawrence ◽  
L. L. Robbins
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Matrix Protein ◽  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Matrix Proteins ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Shell Matrix ◽  
Shell Matrix Proteins ◽  
Luidia Clathrata ◽  
Mellita Tenuis

The phylogenetic relationships of the echinoderms remains controversial due to the traditional use of morphological characters which do not reflect convergent evolution. While biochemical techniques and DNA analysis may be used in addition to morphological characters for analysis of living echinoderms, these tools cannot be extended to fossils. Shell matrix proteins - of echinoderms may be trapped and preserved for millions of years in fossil genera.Analysis of shell matrix protein from Astropectin irregularis, Luidia clathrata and Mellita tenuis, reveal the presence of at least three major proteins of approximate molecular weights 230, 83 and 17 kDa common to all species. Astropectin irregularis showed four additional major bands of molecular weights 150, 90, 52 and 35 kDa along with at least 12 minor bands. Luidia clathrata showed five additional major bands of molecular weights 99, 60, 40, 24 and 21 kDa and at least 13 other minor bands. Mellita tenuis showed three additional bands of molecular weights 115, 96, and 24 kDa along with at least 4 minor bands.As the three common proteins have been found in both seastars (A. irregularis and L. clathrata) and echinoids (Mellita tenuis), further analysis of these shell matrix proteins may be used to elucidate phylogenetic relationships within the Echinodermata. In addition homoplasies may be identified and phylogenetically reassessed.

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