Using nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems can solve some of the drawbacks of conventional cancer treatment, such as non-specific targeting, solubility difficulties, and poor entry of chemotherapeutic drugs into cancer cells. Over the last two decades, a combination of unique biomolecules and nanoparticles has shown successful treatment approaches for Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment. Targeted gene delivery employing lipid, polymer or metal-based nanoparticles showed positive in vivo and in vitro experimental findings with therapeutic efficacy. Gene therapy has shown enhanced transfection efficiency and targeting potential for various NSCLC cell lines when delivered locally or systemically. Despite this, there are a number of barriers to nanoparticle-mediated gene therapy, including ensuring the stability of biomolecules and nanoparticles during delivery, managing their biodistribution, and reducing the possible adverse effects of nanoparticles. These difficulties must be handled before clinical trials begin. Evaluation of therapeutic efficacy as well as inspection criteria for nanoparticles in gene therapy must be devised to widen the use of nano-gene therapy in cancer treatment. Advanced models, algorithms, and simulations to anticipate nanoparticles' biodistribution, design, and kinetics will be needed in the future to decrease the barrier to nanoparticles in clinical trials. Using new technologies and software, nanoparticles with increased selectivity, increased loading capacity, long circulation periods and effective influx into the vascular endothelium and the blood brain barrier may be generated. Nanoparticles having advanced qualities such as biodegradability, non-toxicity, and non-immunogenicity will facilitate the application of nanotechnology in gene therapy, leading to breakthroughs for cancer patients and in biomedical research. Formulation of unique techniques, notably using a combination of anticancer drugs, must be further researched for effective gene delivery-based therapies.
Global analysis of shared T cell specificities in human non-small cell lung cancer enables HLA inference and antigen discovery