scholarly journals Hyperpolarized Carbon (13C) MRI of the Kidney: Experimental Protocol

2021 ◽  
pp. 481-493
Author(s):  
Christoffer Laustsen ◽  
Cornelius von Morze ◽  
Galen D. Reed
Keyword(s):  
Medical Imaging ◽  
Imaging Modality ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Experimental Protocol ◽  
Renal Metabolism ◽  
Experimental Protocols ◽  
Renal Mri ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Cost

AbstractAlterations in renal metabolism are associated with both physiological and pathophysiologic events. The existing noninvasive analytic tools including medical imaging have limited capability for investigating these processes, which potentially limits current understanding of kidney disease and the precision of its clinical diagnosis. Hyperpolarized 13C MRI is a new medical imaging modality that can capture changes in the metabolic processing of certain rapidly metabolized substrates, as well as changes in kidney function. Here we describe experimental protocols for renal metabolic [1-13C]pyruvate and functional 13C-urea imaging step-by-step. These methods and protocols are useful for investigating renal blood flow and function as well as the renal metabolic status of rodents in vivo under various experimental (patho)physiological conditions.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This experimental protocol is complemented by two separate chapters describing the basic concept and data analysis.

scholarly journals Analysis Methods for Hyperpolarized Carbon (13C) MRI of the Kidney

2021 ◽  
pp. 697-710
Author(s):  
Galen D. Reed ◽  
Natalie J. Korn ◽  
Christoffer Laustsen ◽  
Cornelius von Morze
Keyword(s):  
Imaging Modality ◽  
Functional Information ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Experimental Procedure ◽  
European Cooperation ◽  
Renal Mri ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Analysis Protocol

AbstractHyperpolarized 13C MR is a novel medical imaging modality with substantially different signal dynamics as compared to conventional 1H MR, thus requiring new methods for processing the data in order to access and quantify the embedded metabolic and functional information. Here we describe step-by-step analysis protocols for functional renal hyperpolarized 13C imaging. These methods are useful for investigating renal blood flow and function as well as metabolic status of rodents in vivo under various experimental physiological conditions.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This analysis protocol chapter is complemented by two separate chapters describing the basic concept and experimental procedure.

scholarly journals Dynamic Contrast Enhanced (DCE) MRI-Derived Renal Perfusion and Filtration: Experimental Protocol

2021 ◽  
pp. 429-441
Author(s):  
Pietro Irrera ◽  
Lorena Consolino ◽  
Walter Dastrù ◽  
Michael Pedersen ◽  
Frank G. Zöllner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Perfusion ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Experimental Protocol ◽  
Small Molecular Weight ◽  
Dce Mri ◽  
Dynamic Contrast Enhanced ◽  
Contrast Enhanced ◽  
Renal Mri ◽  
The Cost

AbstractDynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) can provide a noninvasive way for assessing renal functional information following the administration of a small molecular weight gadolinium-based contrast agent. This method may be useful for investigating renal perfusion and glomerular filtration rates of rodents in vivo under various experimental (patho)physiological conditions. Here we describe a step-by-step protocol for DCE-MRI studies in small animals providing practical notes on acquisition parameters, sequences, T1 mapping approaches and procedures.This chapters is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This experimental protocol chapter is complemented by two separate chapters describing the basic concept and data analysis.

scholarly journals Experimental Protocols for MRI Mapping of Renal T1

2021 ◽  
pp. 383-402
Author(s):  
Philippe Garteiser ◽  
Octavia Bane ◽  
Sabrina Doblas ◽  
Iris Friedli ◽  
Stefanie Hectors ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Animal ◽  
Water Proton ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Imaging Protocol ◽  
European Cooperation ◽  
Experimental Protocols ◽  
Renal Mri ◽  
Kidney Imaging ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Clinical Scanner

AbstractThe water proton longitudinal relaxation time, T1, is a common and useful MR parameter in nephrology research. Here we provide three step-by-step T1-mapping protocols suitable for different types of nephrology research. Firstly, we provide a single-slice 2D saturation recovery protocol suitable for studies of global pathology, where whole-kidney coverage is unnecessary. Secondly, we provide an inversion recovery type imaging protocol that may be optimized for specific kidney disease applications. Finally, we also provide imaging protocol for small animal kidney imaging in a clinical scanner.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This analysis protocol chapter is complemented by two separate chapters describing the basic concept and experimental procedure.

scholarly journals Ultrasound and Photoacoustic Imaging of the Kidney: Basic Concepts and Protocols

2021 ◽  
pp. 109-130
Author(s):  
Sandra Meyer ◽  
Dieter Fuchs ◽  
Martin Meier
Keyword(s):  
Photoacoustic Imaging ◽  
Renal Ultrasound ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Molecular Information ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
Renal Mri ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Cost

AbstractNoninvasive, robust, and reproducible methods to image kidneys are provided by different imaging modalities. A combination of modalities (multimodality) can give better insight into structure and function and to understand the physiology of the kidney. Magnetic resonance imaging can be complemented by a multimodal imaging approach to obtain additional information or include interventional procedures. In the clinic, renal ultrasound has been essential for the diagnosis and management of kidney disease and for the guidance of invasive procedures for a long time. Adapting ultrasound to preclinical requirements and for translational research, the combination with photoacoustic imaging expands the capabilities to obtain anatomical, functional, and molecular information from animal models. This chapter describes the basic concepts of how to image kidneys using different and most appropriate modalities.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This introduction chapter is complemented by two separate chapters describing the experimental procedure and data analysis.

scholarly journals Experimental Protocol for MRI Mapping of the Blood Oxygenation-Sensitive Parameters T2* and T2 in the Kidney

2021 ◽  
pp. 403-417
Author(s):  
Andreas Pohlmann ◽  
Kaixuan Zhao ◽  
Sean B. Fain ◽  
Pottumarthi V. Prasad ◽  
Thoralf Niendorf
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Absolute Quantification ◽  
Blood Oxygenation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Experimental Protocol ◽  
Contrast Mechanism ◽  
Oxygenation Level ◽  
Fraction Of Inspired Oxygen ◽  
Renal Mri

AbstractRenal hypoxia is generally accepted as a key pathophysiologic event in acute kidney injury of various origins, and has also been suggested to play a role in the development of chronic kidney disease. Here we describe a step-by-step experimental protocol for indirect monitoring of renal blood oxygenation in rodents via the deoxyhemoglobin sensitive MR parameters T2* and T2—a contrast mechanism known as the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) effect. Since an absolute quantification of renal oxygenation from T2*/T2 remains challenging, the effects of controlled and standardized variations in the fraction of inspired oxygen are used for bench marking. This MRI method may be useful for investigating renal blood oxygenation of small rodents in vivo under various experimental (patho)physiological conditions.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This experimental protocol chapter is complemented by two separate chapters describing the basic concept and data analysis.

scholarly journals Essential Practical Steps for MRI of the Kidney in Experimental Research

2021 ◽  
pp. 349-367
Author(s):  
Andreas Pohlmann ◽  
João S. Periquito ◽  
Thoralf Niendorf
Keyword(s):  
Structural Information ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Cooperation ◽  
Slice Orientation ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Preclinical Mri ◽  
Renal Mri ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Cost

AbstractMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an emerging method to obtain valuable functional and structural information about the kidney noninvasively. Before performing specialized MR measurements for probing tissue structure and function, some essential practical steps are needed, which are common for most applications. Here we describe in a step-by-step manner how to (1) achieve the double-oblique slice orientation coronal-to-the-kidney, (2) adapt the scan protocol for avoiding aortic flow artifacts and covering both kidneys, (3) perform localized shimming on the kidney, and (4) check perfusion in the large renal blood vessels using time-of-flight (TOF) angiography. The procedures are tailored to preclinical MRI but conceptionally are also applicable to human MRI.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This experimental protocol chapter explains the initial and essential MRI steps that precede specific functional and structural MR imaging techniques (T1- and T2*-mapping, DWI, ASL, etc.), which are described in separate chapters.

scholarly journals MR Elastography of the Abdomen: Experimental Protocols

2021 ◽  
pp. 519-546
Author(s):  
Suraj D. Serai ◽  
Meng Yin
Keyword(s):  
Renal Fibrosis ◽  
Interstitial Fibrosis ◽  
Sampling Bias ◽  
Noninvasive Evaluation ◽  
Intraobserver Variability ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Experimental Protocols ◽  
Renal Mri ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Care Costs

AbstractApplication of MRE for noninvasive evaluation of renal fibrosis has great potential for noninvasive assessment in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). CKD leads to severe complications, which require dialysis or kidney transplant and could even result in death. CKD in native kidneys and interstitial fibrosis in allograft kidneys are the two major kidney fibrotic pathologies where MRE may be clinically useful. Both these conditions can lead to extensive morbidity, mortality, and high health care costs. Currently, biopsy is the standard method for renal fibrosis staging. This method of diagnosis is painful, invasive, limited by sampling bias, exhibits inter- and intraobserver variability, requires prolonged hospitalization, poses risk of complications and significant bleeding, and could even lead to death. MRE based methods can potentially be useful to noninvasively detect, stage, and monitor renal fibrosis, reducing the need for renal biopsy. In this chapter, we describe experimental procedure and step by step instructions to run MRE along with some illustrative applications. We also includes sections on how to perform data quality check and analysis methods.This publication is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers.

scholarly journals Functional Imaging Using Fluorine (19F) MR Methods: Basic Concepts

2021 ◽  
pp. 279-299
Author(s):  
Sonia Waiczies ◽  
Christian Prinz ◽  
Ludger Starke ◽  
Jason M. Millward ◽  
Paula Ramos Delgado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Function ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
European Cooperation ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Signal Sensitivity ◽  
Renal Mri ◽  
The Cost ◽  
New Applications

AbstractKidney-associated pathologies would greatly benefit from noninvasive and robust methods that can objectively quantify changes in renal function. In the past years there has been a growing incentive to develop new applications for fluorine (19F) MRI in biomedical research to study functional changes during disease states. 19F MRI represents an instrumental tool for the quantification of exogenous 19F substances in vivo. One of the major benefits of 19F MRI is that fluorine in its organic form is absent in eukaryotic cells. Therefore, the introduction of exogenous 19F signals in vivo will yield background-free images, thus providing highly selective detection with absolute specificity in vivo. Here we introduce the concept of 19F MRI, describe existing challenges, especially those pertaining to signal sensitivity, and give an overview of preclinical applications to illustrate the utility and applicability of this technique for measuring renal function in animal models.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This introduction chapter is complemented by two separate chapters describing the experimental procedure and data analysis.

scholarly journals Renal MRI Diffusion: Experimental Protocol

2021 ◽  
pp. 419-428
Author(s):  
João S. Periquito ◽  
Martin Meier ◽  
Thoralf Niendorf ◽  
Andreas Pohlmann ◽  
Neil Peter Jerome
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Coefficients ◽  
Kidney Tissue ◽  
Complex Model ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Experimental Protocol ◽  
Renal Diffusion ◽  
Renal Mri ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Underlying Processes ◽  
Tubular Components

AbstractRenal diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) can be used to obtain information on the microstructure of kidney tissue, and has the potential to provide MR-biomarkers for functional renal imaging. Here we describe in a step-by-step experimental protocol the MRI method for measuring renal diffusion coefficients in rodents using ADC or IVIM models. Both methods provide quantification of renal diffusion coefficients; however, IVIM, a more complex model, allows for the calculation of the pseudodiffusion and fraction introduced by tissue vascular and tubular components. DWI provides information of renal microstructure contributing to the understanding of the physiology and the underlying processes that precede the beginning of pathologies.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This experimental protocol chapter is complemented by two separate chapters describing the basic concept and data analysis.

scholarly journals Fluorine (19F) MRI for Assessing Inflammatory Cells in the Kidney: Experimental Protocol

2021 ◽  
pp. 495-507
Author(s):  
Min-Chi Ku ◽  
Adrian Schreiber ◽  
Paula Ramos Delgado ◽  
Philipp Boehm-Sturm ◽  
Ralph Kettritz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Experimental Protocol ◽  
Noninvasive Technique ◽  
Renal Inflammation ◽  
Progression Of Kidney Disease ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Renal Mri

AbstractInflammation is one underlying contributing factor in the pathology of acute and chronic kidney disorders. Phagocytes such as monocytes, neutrophils and dendritic cells are considered to play a deleterious role in the progression of kidney disease but may also contribute to organ homeostasis. The kidney is a target of life-threatening autoimmune disorders such as the antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitides (AAV). Neutrophils and monocytes express ANCA antigens and play an important role in the pathogenesis of AAV. Noninvasive in vivo methods that can quantify the distribution of inflammatory cells in the kidney as well as other organs in vivo would be vital to identify the causality and significance of inflammation during disease progression. Here we describe an noninvasive technique to study renal inflammation in rodents in vivo using fluorine (19F) MRI. In this protocol we chose a murine ANCA-AAV model of renal inflammation and made use of nanoparticles prepared from perfluoro-5-crown-15-ether (PFCE) for renal 19F MRI.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This experimental protocol chapter is complemented by two separate chapters describing the basic concept and data analysis.

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