scholarly journals Ultrasound and Photoacoustic Imaging of the Kidney: Basic Concepts and Protocols

2021 ◽  
pp. 109-130
Author(s):  
Sandra Meyer ◽  
Dieter Fuchs ◽  
Martin Meier
Keyword(s):  
Photoacoustic Imaging ◽  
Renal Ultrasound ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Molecular Information ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
Renal Mri ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Cost

AbstractNoninvasive, robust, and reproducible methods to image kidneys are provided by different imaging modalities. A combination of modalities (multimodality) can give better insight into structure and function and to understand the physiology of the kidney. Magnetic resonance imaging can be complemented by a multimodal imaging approach to obtain additional information or include interventional procedures. In the clinic, renal ultrasound has been essential for the diagnosis and management of kidney disease and for the guidance of invasive procedures for a long time. Adapting ultrasound to preclinical requirements and for translational research, the combination with photoacoustic imaging expands the capabilities to obtain anatomical, functional, and molecular information from animal models. This chapter describes the basic concepts of how to image kidneys using different and most appropriate modalities.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This introduction chapter is complemented by two separate chapters describing the experimental procedure and data analysis.

scholarly journals Essential Practical Steps for MRI of the Kidney in Experimental Research

2021 ◽  
pp. 349-367
Author(s):  
Andreas Pohlmann ◽  
João S. Periquito ◽  
Thoralf Niendorf
Keyword(s):  
Structural Information ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Cooperation ◽  
Slice Orientation ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Preclinical Mri ◽  
Renal Mri ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Cost

AbstractMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an emerging method to obtain valuable functional and structural information about the kidney noninvasively. Before performing specialized MR measurements for probing tissue structure and function, some essential practical steps are needed, which are common for most applications. Here we describe in a step-by-step manner how to (1) achieve the double-oblique slice orientation coronal-to-the-kidney, (2) adapt the scan protocol for avoiding aortic flow artifacts and covering both kidneys, (3) perform localized shimming on the kidney, and (4) check perfusion in the large renal blood vessels using time-of-flight (TOF) angiography. The procedures are tailored to preclinical MRI but conceptionally are also applicable to human MRI.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This experimental protocol chapter explains the initial and essential MRI steps that precede specific functional and structural MR imaging techniques (T1- and T2*-mapping, DWI, ASL, etc.), which are described in separate chapters.

scholarly journals Analysis Methods for Hyperpolarized Carbon (13C) MRI of the Kidney

2021 ◽  
pp. 697-710
Author(s):  
Galen D. Reed ◽  
Natalie J. Korn ◽  
Christoffer Laustsen ◽  
Cornelius von Morze
Keyword(s):  
Imaging Modality ◽  
Functional Information ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Experimental Procedure ◽  
European Cooperation ◽  
Renal Mri ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Analysis Protocol

AbstractHyperpolarized 13C MR is a novel medical imaging modality with substantially different signal dynamics as compared to conventional 1H MR, thus requiring new methods for processing the data in order to access and quantify the embedded metabolic and functional information. Here we describe step-by-step analysis protocols for functional renal hyperpolarized 13C imaging. These methods are useful for investigating renal blood flow and function as well as metabolic status of rodents in vivo under various experimental physiological conditions.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This analysis protocol chapter is complemented by two separate chapters describing the basic concept and experimental procedure.

scholarly journals Hyperpolarized Carbon (13C) MRI of the Kidney: Experimental Protocol

2021 ◽  
pp. 481-493
Author(s):  
Christoffer Laustsen ◽  
Cornelius von Morze ◽  
Galen D. Reed
Keyword(s):  
Medical Imaging ◽  
Imaging Modality ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Experimental Protocol ◽  
Renal Metabolism ◽  
Experimental Protocols ◽  
Renal Mri ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Cost

AbstractAlterations in renal metabolism are associated with both physiological and pathophysiologic events. The existing noninvasive analytic tools including medical imaging have limited capability for investigating these processes, which potentially limits current understanding of kidney disease and the precision of its clinical diagnosis. Hyperpolarized 13C MRI is a new medical imaging modality that can capture changes in the metabolic processing of certain rapidly metabolized substrates, as well as changes in kidney function. Here we describe experimental protocols for renal metabolic [1-13C]pyruvate and functional 13C-urea imaging step-by-step. These methods and protocols are useful for investigating renal blood flow and function as well as the renal metabolic status of rodents in vivo under various experimental (patho)physiological conditions.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This experimental protocol is complemented by two separate chapters describing the basic concept and data analysis.

scholarly journals Sodium (23Na) MRI of the Kidney: Basic Concept

2021 ◽  
pp. 257-266
Author(s):  
James T. Grist ◽  
Esben Søvsø Hansen ◽  
Frank G. Zöllner ◽  
Christoffer Laustsen
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Renal Diseases ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Key Indicator ◽  
Sodium Gradient ◽  
Sodium Imaging ◽  
Renal Mri ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Sodium Handling ◽  
23Na Mri

AbstractThe handling of sodium by the renal system is a key indicator of renal function. Alterations in the corticomedullary distribution of sodium are considered important indicators of pathology in renal diseases. The derangement of sodium handling can be noninvasively imaged using sodium magnetic resonance imaging (23Na MRI), with data analysis allowing for the assessment of the corticomedullary sodium gradient. Here we introduce sodium imaging, describe the existing methods, and give an overview of preclinical sodium imaging applications to illustrate the utility and applicability of this technique for measuring renal sodium handling.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This introduction chapter is complemented by two separate chapters describing the experimental procedure and data analysis.

scholarly journals Quantitative Assessment of Renal Perfusion and Oxygenation by Invasive Probes: Basic Concepts

2021 ◽  
pp. 89-107
Author(s):  
Kathleen Cantow ◽  
Roger G. Evans ◽  
Dirk Grosenick ◽  
Thomas Gladytz ◽  
Thoralf Niendorf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Tissue Perfusion ◽  
Renal Perfusion ◽  
Renal Tissue ◽  
Acute Injury ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Tissue Hypoperfusion ◽  
Renal Mri ◽  
The Cost

AbstractRenal tissue hypoperfusion and hypoxia are early key elements in the pathophysiology of acute kidney injury of various origins, and may also promote progression from acute injury to chronic kidney disease. Here we describe basic principles of methodology to quantify renal hemodynamics and tissue oxygenation by means of invasive probes in experimental animals. Advantages and disadvantages of the various methods are discussed in the context of the heterogeneity of renal tissue perfusion and oxygenation.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This introduction chapter is complemented by a separate chapter describing the experimental procedure and data analysis.

scholarly journals Recommendations for Preclinical Renal MRI: A Comprehensive Open-Access Protocol Collection to Improve Training, Reproducibility, and Comparability of Studies

2021 ◽  
pp. 3-23
Author(s):  
Andreas Pohlmann ◽  
Susan J. Back ◽  
Andrea Fekete ◽  
Iris Friedli ◽  
Stefanie Hectors ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Routine Clinical Practice ◽  
Small Animals ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Cooperation ◽  
Comprehensive Collection ◽  
Mri Studies ◽  
Quantum Leap ◽  
Renal Mri ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Crucial Part

AbstractRenal MRI holds incredible promise for making a quantum leap in improving diagnosis and care of patients with a multitude of diseases, by moving beyond the limitations and restrictions of current routine clinical practice. Clinical and preclinical renal MRI is advancing with ever increasing rapidity, and yet, aside from a few examples of renal MRI in routine use, it is still not good enough. Several roadblocks are still delaying the pace of progress, particularly inefficient education of renal MR researchers, and lack of harmonization of approaches that limits the sharing of results among multiple research groups.Here we aim to address these limitations for preclinical renal MRI (predominantly in small animals), by providing a comprehensive collection of more than 40 publications that will serve as a foundational resource for preclinical renal MRI studies. This includes chapters describing the fundamental principles underlying a variety of renal MRI methods, step-by-step protocols for executing renal MRI studies, and detailed guides for data analysis. This collection will serve as a crucial part of a roadmap toward conducting renal MRI studies in a robust and reproducible way, that will promote the standardization and sharing of data.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers.

scholarly journals Renal Diffusion-Weighted Imaging (DWI) for Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC), Intravoxel Incoherent Motion (IVIM), and Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI): Basic Concepts

2021 ◽  
pp. 187-204
Author(s):  
Neil Peter Jerome ◽  
Anna Caroli ◽  
Alexandra Ljimani
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Weighted Imaging ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Renal Tissue ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Tissue Microstructure ◽  
Diffusion Weighted ◽  
Apparent Diffusion ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
Renal Diffusion ◽  
Renal Mri

AbstractThe specialized function of the kidney is reflected in its unique structure, characterized by juxtaposition of disorganized and ordered elements, including renal glomerula, capillaries, and tubules. The key role of the kidney in blood filtration, and changes in filtration rate and blood flow associated with pathological conditions, make it possible to investigate kidney function using the motion of water molecules in renal tissue. Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is a versatile modality that sensitizes observable signal to water motion, and can inform on the complexity of the tissue microstructure. Several DWI acquisition strategies are available, as are different analysis strategies, and models that attempt to capture not only simple diffusion effects, but also perfusion, compartmentalization, and anisotropy. This chapter introduces the basic concepts of DWI alongside common acquisition schemes and models, and gives an overview of specific DWI applications for animal models of renal disease.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This introduction chapter is complemented by two separate chapters describing the experimental procedure and data analysis.

scholarly journals Experimental Protocols for MRI Mapping of Renal T1

2021 ◽  
pp. 383-402
Author(s):  
Philippe Garteiser ◽  
Octavia Bane ◽  
Sabrina Doblas ◽  
Iris Friedli ◽  
Stefanie Hectors ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Animal ◽  
Water Proton ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Imaging Protocol ◽  
European Cooperation ◽  
Experimental Protocols ◽  
Renal Mri ◽  
Kidney Imaging ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Clinical Scanner

AbstractThe water proton longitudinal relaxation time, T1, is a common and useful MR parameter in nephrology research. Here we provide three step-by-step T1-mapping protocols suitable for different types of nephrology research. Firstly, we provide a single-slice 2D saturation recovery protocol suitable for studies of global pathology, where whole-kidney coverage is unnecessary. Secondly, we provide an inversion recovery type imaging protocol that may be optimized for specific kidney disease applications. Finally, we also provide imaging protocol for small animal kidney imaging in a clinical scanner.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This analysis protocol chapter is complemented by two separate chapters describing the basic concept and experimental procedure.

scholarly journals Reversible (Patho)Physiologically Relevant Test Interventions: Rationale and Examples

2021 ◽  
pp. 57-73
Author(s):  
Kathleen Cantow ◽  
Mechthild Ladwig-Wiegard ◽  
Bert Flemming ◽  
Andrea Fekete ◽  
Adam Hosszu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Renal Tissue ◽  
Renal Hemodynamics ◽  
Acute Injury ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Tissue Hypoperfusion ◽  
Renal Mri ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Specific Control

AbstractRenal tissue hypoperfusion and hypoxia are early key elements in the pathophysiology of acute kidney injury of various origins, and may also promote progression from acute injury to chronic kidney disease. Here we describe test interventions that are used to study the control of renal hemodynamics and oxygenation in experimental animals in the context of kidney-specific control of hemodynamics and oxygenation. The rationale behind the use of the individual tests, the physiological responses of renal hemodynamics and oxygenation, the use in preclinical studies, and the possible application in humans are discussed.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers.

scholarly journals Dynamic Contrast Enhancement (DCE) MRI–Derived Renal Perfusion and Filtration: Basic Concepts

2021 ◽  
pp. 205-227
Author(s):  
Michael Pedersen ◽  
Pietro Irrera ◽  
Walter Dastrù ◽  
Frank G. Zöllner ◽  
Kevin M. Bennett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glomerular Filtration Rate ◽  
Contrast Agents ◽  
Glomerular Filtration ◽  
Filtration Rate ◽  
Renal Perfusion ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Dce Mri ◽  
Indirect Measures ◽  
Renal Mri ◽  
The Cost

AbstractDynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI monitors the transit of contrast agents, typically gadolinium chelates, through the intrarenal regions, the renal cortex, the medulla, and the collecting system. In this way, DCE-MRI reveals the renal uptake and excretion of the contrast agent. An optimal DCE-MRI acquisition protocol involves finding a good compromise between whole-kidney coverage (i.e., 3D imaging), spatial and temporal resolution, and contrast resolution. By analyzing the enhancement of the renal tissues as a function of time, one can determine indirect measures of clinically important single-kidney parameters as the renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate, and intrarenal blood volumes. Gadolinium-containing contrast agents may be nephrotoxic in patients suffering from severe renal dysfunction, but otherwise DCE-MRI is clearly useful for diagnosis of renal functions and for assessing treatment response and posttransplant rejection.Here we introduce the concept of renal DCE-MRI, describe the existing methods, and provide an overview of preclinical DCE-MRI applications to illustrate the utility of this technique to measure renal perfusion and glomerular filtration rate in animal models.This publication is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This introduction is complemented by two separate publications describing the experimental procedure and data analysis.

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