Non-native insects in agriculture: strategies to manage the economic and environmental impact of wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana, in Saskatchewan

2009 ◽  
pp. 127-133
Author(s):  
O. Olfert ◽  
R. H. Elliott ◽  
S. Hartley
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Sitodiplosis Mosellana ◽  
Wheat Midge

scholarly journals First record of Euxestonotus error (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) in the Pacific Northwest, United States of America

2016 ◽  
Vol 148 (5) ◽  
pp. 616-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.R. Echegaray ◽  
R.N. Stougaard ◽  
B. Bohannon
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
First Record ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sitodiplosis Mosellana ◽  
Wheat Midge ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Northwestern Montana

AbstractEuxestonotus error (Fitch) (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) is considered part of the natural enemy complex of the wheat midge Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Although previously reported in the United States of America, there is no record for this species outside the state of New York since 1865. A survey conducted in the summer of 2015 revealed that E. error is present in northwestern Montana and is likely playing a role in the suppression of wheat midge populations.

Seed damage and sources of yield loss by Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in resistant wheat varietal blends relative to susceptible wheat cultivars in western Canada

2014 ◽  
Vol 146 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A.H. Smith ◽  
I.L. Wise ◽  
S.L. Fox ◽  
C.L. Vera ◽  
R.M. DePauw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yield Loss ◽  
Market Value ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Feeding Damage ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Sitodiplosis Mosellana ◽  
Seed Damage ◽  
Kernel Weights ◽  
Wheat Midge

AbstractSpring wheat varieties with the Sm1 gene for resistance to wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), were compared with susceptible wheat (Triticum Linnaeus; Poaceae) with respect to sources of yield loss and reduction in market value from wheat midge feeding damage. Four resistant varietal blends (90% Sm1 wheat plus 10% susceptible refuge) and four susceptible cultivars were grown in replicated experiments at eight locations in western Canada. Frequencies and 1000-kernel weights of undamaged and midge-damaged seeds were assessed before harvest by dissecting samples of ripe spikes, and after harvest in samples of cleaned grain. Spike data were used to estimate yield losses from reduced weight of damaged seeds and loss of severely damaged seeds (⩽8 mg) at harvest. Among midge-damaged seeds in spikes, few were severely damaged in resistant varietal blends, whereas most were severely damaged in susceptible cultivars. Cleaned, harvested grain of resistant varietal blends and susceptible cultivars had similar frequencies of midge damage and were assessed similar market grades. The primary benefit of midge-resistant wheat was reduced yield loss due to seed damage by wheat midge larvae. Resistant wheat did not protect against loss of market grade, but market value could increase due to larger yields.

Identification of mariner-like elements in Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)

2006 ◽  
Vol 138 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Mittapalli ◽  
R.H. Shukle ◽  
I.L. Wise
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Blot Analysis ◽  
Copy Number ◽  
Southern Blot Analysis ◽  
Pcr Primers ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Degenerate Pcr ◽  
Sitodiplosis Mosellana ◽  
Wheat Midge

AbstractMariner-like element sequences were recovered from the genome of the orange wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin), with degenerate PCR primers designed to conserved regions of mariner transposases. The deduced amino acid sequences of the mariner-like transposases from S. mosellana showed 67% to 78% identity with the peptide sequences of other mariner transposases. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that the mariner-like elements from S. mosellana grouped in the mauritiana subfamily of mariner transposons. Results from Southern blot analysis suggest mariner-like elements are at a moderate copy number in the genome of S. mosellana.

OVIPOSITION AND LARVAL ESTABLISHMENT OF SITODIPLOSIS MOSELLANA (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE) ON WHEAT (GRAMINEAE) AT DIFFERENT GROWTH STAGES

1999 ◽  
Vol 131 (4) ◽  
pp. 475-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Ding ◽  
R.J. Lamb
Keyword(s):  
Larval Growth ◽  
Oviposition Preference ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Sitodiplosis Mosellana ◽  
Hatching Time ◽  
Wheat Midge ◽  
Survival And Development ◽  
Different Growth Stages ◽  
Days After Anthesis

AbstractThe wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin), infests wheat, Triticum aestivum L., heads only up to anthesis when pollination occurs. The termination of infestation might be due to a deterrence of oviposition or to a suppression of larval growth on developing seeds. These hypotheses were tested in the laboratory by measuring oviposition preference, larval development, and larval preference for plants at different growth stages. Females showed no preference for ovipositing on heads at any stage from the onset of heading up to and including anthesis, and continued to lay eggs at a reduced rate 10 days after anthesis. Survival of newly hatched larvae was reduced on seeds 3–1 days after anthesis and survival and development was greatly reduced on seeds 5 or 6 days after anthesis. Larvae moved away from older seeds and fed on younger seeds in a choice test. Given a hatching time of 5–6 days, a failure to infest wheat after anthesis is not due to oviposition deterrence at anthesis, but to suppression of larval growth and development which begins soon after anthesis.

Seasonal emergence patterns of Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in the Peace River region, Alberta, Canada

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Amanda Jorgensen ◽  
Maya L. Evenden ◽  
Owen Olfert ◽  
Jennifer Otani
Keyword(s):  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Geographic Region ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Phenological Model ◽  
Sitodiplosis Mosellana ◽  
Peace River ◽  
Wheat Midge ◽  
Emergence Patterns ◽  
River Region ◽  
Accumulated Rainfall

Abstract Wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana Géhin (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), is an invasive pest of wheat, Triticum spp. (Poaceae), in North America and is found in all wheat-growing regions of the world. Wheat midge biology, particularly post-diapause emergence of adults, varies with geographic region. The biology of wheat midge has not previously been examined in the northernmost area of its range in Canada – the Peace River region of Alberta. Wheat midge adult emergence was compared in situ to two phenological models of wheat midge emergence developed in other geographic regions. In-field adult emergence did not match the published phenological models. In the Peace River region, adults emerged later than are predicted by both models and precision for both models was low. With the Saskatchewan model, accumulated rainfall that was more than 110 mm in May and early June delayed emergence, whereas accumulated rainfall that was less than 43 mm during that period caused earlier than predicted emergence. Multiple peaks of wheat midge emergence, up to 20 days apart, were observed at some sites, supporting the Jacquemin model depicting “waves” of emergence. Including differences in soil temperature accumulation related to precipitation and optimising the model temperature thresholds would improve accuracy of the current Canadian phenological model in the Peace River region.

Sex ratios of Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae): implications for pest management in wheat (Poaceae)

2004 ◽  
Vol 94 (6) ◽  
pp. 569-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A.H. Smith ◽  
I.L. Wise ◽  
R.J. Lamb
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Sex Ratios ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Differential Mortality ◽  
Sitodiplosis Mosellana ◽  
Single Sex ◽  
Crop Resistance ◽  
Wheat Midge ◽  
Population Average

AbstractSex ratios of populations of the wheat midge Sitodiplosis mosellana Géhin, developing on wheat Triticum aestivum L., were determined at reproduction, adult emergence, and dispersal. The patterns of sex ratio through the life cycle of S. mosellana result from: (i) a genetic mechanism that causes all or nearly all of the progeny of individual females to be a single sex, with an overall sex ratio that is slightly biased at 54–57% females; (ii) a differential mortality during diapause that increases the sex ratio to 60–65% females; (iii) mating which occurs near the emergence site followed by female dispersal which causes the post-dispersal sex ratio to rise to nearly 100% females; and (iv) oviposition which spreads eggs among different plants and assures that the next generation has a local sex ratio close to the population average. These changes in sex ratio through the life cycle have implications for using crop resistance or pheromones to manage S. mosellana, because mating takes place quickly near emergence sites, and because mated females but not males disperse from emergence sites to oviposition sites. Crop refuges used to protect resistance genes against the evolution of virulence by S. mosellana must be interspersed to prevent assortative mating that would occur in separate blocks of resistant and susceptible plants. Monitoring or mating disruption using a pheromone would be ineffective when wheat is grown in rotation with a non-host crop.

Making control decisions for Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in wheat (Gramineae) using sticky traps

2002 ◽  
Vol 134 (6) ◽  
pp. 851-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.J. Lamb ◽  
I.L. Wise ◽  
J.E. Gavloski ◽  
L.A. Kaminski ◽  
O.O. Olfert
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Common Wheat ◽  
Triticum Durum ◽  
Crop Canopy ◽  
Economic Threshold ◽  
Sticky Traps ◽  
Sitodiplosis Mosellana ◽  
Wheat Midge ◽  
Wheat Seeds

Wheat midge larvae, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin), attack developing seeds and cause losses of common wheat, Triticum aestivum L., and durum wheat, Triticum durum Desf. (Olfert et al. 1985; Lamb et al. 1999). Insecticide applied as the crop flowers can reduce damage (Elliott 1988). The economic threshold varies from 4 to 7% of common wheat seeds infested by larvae, depending upon grade of wheat and cost of insecticidal control (Lamb et al. 2000). To make control decisions, farmers count adults at sunset during the period from heading to flowering (Elliott and Mann 1996), and apply insecticide if densities reach a nominal threshold of one adult per four or five wheat spikes (Anonymous 1993). Decisions must be made although no relationship has been detected between the number of adults in the crop and subsequent densities of damaging larvae (Oakley et al. 1998), and farmers have little confidence in their counts. The pest is difficult to sample because adults are small, short-lived, crepuscular, and are usually hidden in the crop canopy (Pivnick and Labbé 1993); eggs are microscopic (Mukerji et al. 1988); larvae feed inside florets (Lamb et al. 2000); and mature larvae and pupae are in the soil (Lamb et al. 1999). Sticky traps have been used to sample midges in sorghum (Merchant and Teetes 1992) and in wheat (Oakley et al. 1998), with mixed results. Our objective was to determine if catches of wheat midge adults on sticky traps can effectively guide farmers in making control decisions.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INFESTATION LEVELS AND YIELD LOSS CAUSED BY WHEAT MIDGE, SITODIPLOSIS MOSELLANA (GÉHIN) (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE), IN SPRING WHEAT IN SASKATCHEWAN

1985 ◽  
Vol 117 (5) ◽  
pp. 593-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
O.O. Olfert ◽  
M.K. Mukerji ◽  
J.F. Doane
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Harvest Time ◽  
Sitodiplosis Mosellana ◽  
Average Decrease ◽  
Wheat Midge ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Heading Stage

AbstractLosses in yield of spring wheat due to infestations of Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin) were determined for 700 000 ha of arable land in northeast Saskatchewan, Canada in 1983. The proportion of kernels infested (y) was a power function of the number of wheat-midge larvae (x) (y = 35.3x0.725). One, 2, 3, and 4 larvae per kernel resulted in a level of infestation of 38, 58, 78, and 96%, respectively. There was no significant difference between infestation levels from fields sampled at the heading stage of crop growth and the estimates of infestation levels for these fields at harvest time. Yield of grain (y) was negatively exponential to an increase in level of infestation (x) (ln y = 5.7−0.017x). Infestations of 30, 60, and 90% reduced yields of spring wheat by 40, 65, and 79%, respectively. The average decrease in crop yield in the study area was about 30%, which resulted in estimated losses in total gross revenue of about $30 million.

Susceptibility of hulled and hulless barley (Gramineae) to Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)

2002 ◽  
Vol 134 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.L. Wise ◽  
R.J. Lamb ◽  
M.A.H. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Plant Traits ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Hulless Barley ◽  
Sitodiplosis Mosellana ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Wheat Midge ◽  
Crop Growth Stages ◽  
Newly Hatched Larvae

AbstractModern hulless wheats, Triticum aestivum L., are more susceptible to the wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin), than the hulled, wild, ancestral species. Hulless cultivars of barley, Hordeum vulgare L., are becoming more widely grown in western Canada than in the past. Hulled and hulless cultivars of two-rowed and six-rowed barleys were tested for their susceptibility to wheat midge, to determine if this midge might become a serious pest of barley and to assess which plant traits might affect host suitability. In the field, larval populations on 10 barley cultivars were much lower than on wheat. In the laboratory, when the flag leaf sheath was peeled back to expose preflowering spikes, female midges readily oviposited on spikes of barley, although less so on younger spikes. Few larvae were able to develop on barley when eggs were laid after spikes had flowered. All barleys completed flowering, or nearly so, before spikes emerged from the flag leaf sheath, with two-rowed cultivars flowering earlier than six-rowed barleys. No differences in larval densities were found between hulless and hulled barleys, and therefore, factors other than the hulled trait must account for reduced susceptibility of barley. Because barley flowers within the flag leaf sheath, its period of susceptibility to infestation is much shorter than for wheat, as evidenced by reduced infestation of earlier-flowering two-rowed cultivars compared with later-flowering six-rowed cultivars. Also, the tight closure of the leaf-like glumes that form the florets of barley probably makes access to young seeds more difficult for newly hatched larvae than is the case for wheat. At comparable crop growth stages, larval densities on all the barleys were < 10% of those on spring wheat. The introduction of hulless barley for production in Canada is unlikely to increase wheat midge damage on barley to an economic level.

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