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2022 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Mayuri D. Mahalle ◽  
S. K. Chetia ◽  
P. C. Dey ◽  
R. N. Sarma ◽  
A. R. Baruah ◽  
...  

Abstract The flag leaf acts as a functional leaf in rice, Oryza sativa L., primarily supplying photosynthate to the developing grains and influencing yields to a certain extent. Drought stress damages the leaf physiology, severely affecting grain fertility. Autumn rice of northeast India is called locally as ‘ahu’ rice, and is known for its drought tolerance. Exploring diverse germplasm resources at the morphological level using an association mapping approach can aid in identifying the genomic regions influencing leaf shape dynamics. A marker–trait association (MTA) study was carried out using 95 polymorphic SSR markers and a panel of 273 ahu rice germplasm accessions in drought stress and irrigated conditions. The trials suggest that at the vegetative stage, drought stress significantly affects leaf morphology. The leaf physiology of some tolerant accessions was relatively little affected by stress and these can be considered as ideal varieties for drought conditions. The phenotypic coefficient of variance and genotypic coefficient of variance values implied moderate to high variability for the leaf traits studied. Analysis of molecular variance inferred that 11% of variation in the germplasm panel was due to differences between populations, while the remaining 89% may be attributed to a difference within subgroups formed through STRUCTURE analysis. Using the mixed linear model approach revealed 11 MTAs explaining between 4.5 and 20.0% of phenotypic variance at P > 0.001 for all the leaf traits. The study concludes that ahu rice germplasm is extremely diverse and can serve as a valuable resource for mining desirable alleles for drought tolerance.


Toxins ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Simon G. Edwards

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is an important disease of small grain cereals worldwide, resulting in reduced yield and quality as well as the contamination of harvested grains with mycotoxins. The key mycotoxin of concern is deoxynivalenol (DON), which has legislative and advisory limits in numerous countries. Cereal growers have a number of control options for FHB including rotation, cultivation, and varietal resistance; however, growers are still reliant on fungicides applied at flowering as part of an IPM program. Fungicides currently available to control FHB are largely restricted to triazole chemistry. This study conducted three field experiments to compare a new co-formulation of pydiflumetofen (a succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) with the tradename ADEPIDYN™) and prothioconazole (a triazole) against current standard fungicides at various timings (flag leaf fully emerged, mid-head emergence, early flowering, and late flowering) for the control of FHB and DON. Overall, the co-formulation showed greater efficacy compared to either pydiflumetofen alone or current fungicide chemistry. This greater activity was demonstrated over a wide range of spray timings (flag leaf fully emerged to late flowering). The availability of an SDHI with good activity against FHB and the resulting DON contamination of harvested grain will give growers an additional tool within an IPM program that will provide a greater flexibility of spray application windows and reduce fungicide resistance selection pressure.


2022 ◽  
Vol 335 ◽  
pp. 00020
Author(s):  
Harmini Harmini ◽  
Achmad Fanindi ◽  
Endang Sutedi ◽  
Iwan Herdiawan ◽  
Sajimin Sajimin

Sorghum is a grain plant that is a source of food, biofuel and feed, which can be produced using the techniques of ratoon cultivation. The objective of this study is to assess the nutrition content, the performance of the four sorghum genotypes and the vegetative characteristics of the sorghum ratoon. The research was carried out from December 2020 to July 2021 at the Ciawi Research Garden, the Livestock Research Institute. The study employed four treatments (genotype) and three replications of random block design. The range of protein content, crude fat crude fiber and ash in the four genotypes of sorghum was 7.91-9.30, 1.91-2.69, 33.41-37.57 and 8.25-9.11%, respectively. Genotype significantly affected P<0.05 on plant height, stem height, leaf width, internode length, flag leaf width and fresh weight, but not significantly different P>0.05 on leaf length, stem diameter and flag leaf length on the main plant. Genotype had no significant effect (P>0.05) on plant height, number of tillers, leaf length, leaf width and fresh weight of ratoons. It was concluded that the ability of ratoon in sorghum was not affected by the genotype of sorghum.


2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 1127-1132
Author(s):  
Wubo Li ◽  
Meng Li ◽  
Yunshuo Xu ◽  
Yan Shi

Effects of different dosages of potassium silicate fertilizer on photosynthetic characteristics and yield of winter wheat under field conditions were studied. Four different dosages: 0, 45, 90 and 135kg/ha were applied. Results showed that the chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate of wheat flag leaf firstly increased and then decreased with the increase of levels of potassium silicate fertilizer. By the change of SPAD values after flowering, when the application of potassium silicate fertilizer was 90 kg/ha, the existence time of chlorophyll in flag leaf was significantly long, and the net photosynthetic rate was significantly increased. The 1000-grain weight of winter wheat significantly increased and the yield the highest. Overall, when the applied amount of potassium silicate fertilizer was 90 kg/ha, the performances of winter wheat were best. Bangladesh J. Bot. 50(4): 1127-1132, 2021 (December)


2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 236-247
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ali Sher ◽  
Abdus Salam Khan ◽  
Zulfiqar Ali ◽  
Sultan Habibullah Khan

A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed using a high-density infinium 90K SNP array. We identified a total markers traits associations (MTAs) (p ?0.000) for the following plant traits; days taken to 50% heading(DH), days to 50% maturity (DM), plant height (Ph) cm, flag leaf area cm2 (FLA), tillers number per plant, spike length (SL) cm and grain yield per plant (GP) g. Most of the SNPs were identified in the A and B genome as compared to the D genome. The significant associated SNPs were mainly distributed on the chromosome 2B, 3B, 5A, and 5B. Nine SNPs on chromosome 5A, 2B and 2D were identified having pleiotropic effects The correlation analysis showed a significant positive association among SL, NT, GP. Which depicted that these traits are promising for breeding high yielding wheat cultivars. This study provided useful information of the valuable genetic loci for marker-assisted breeding. 


2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 477-486
Author(s):  
Deepak Katkani ◽  
SK Payasi ◽  
Vinod Patel ◽  
Jay Prakash Chamar

The present research was undertaken to evaluate 32 rice genotypes for grain yield and its attributing traits under three micro-environments like., direct seeded condition (E-I), transplanting at spacing of 15 x 15 cm (E-II) and 25 x 15 cm (E-III). Adopting the Eberhart and Russell (1966) model, stability analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the genotypes for days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, panicle length, number of grains per panicle and flag leaf angle. Stability parameters for grain yield per plant indicated that the genotypes Rewa 1329-4-26-1, Rewa 1326-11-67-2 and Rewa 1326-16-1 had regression coefficient less than one and mean value higher than average mean this depicted that these genotypes have wider adaptability and suitability for all micro- environments and the genotypes Rewa 1329-4-123-11, Rewa 1328-18-16 and Rewa 1326-3-34-4 had regression coefficient less than one and deviation from regression around zero were identified as highly stable and best suited for poor management practices like, direct seeded condition.


Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Cong Zhang ◽  
Bangyou Zheng ◽  
Yong He

Improving plant net photosynthetic rates and accelerating water-soluble carbohydrate accumulation play an important role in increasing the carbon sources for yield formation of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Understanding and quantify the contribution of these traits to grain yield can provide a pathway towards increasing the yield potential of wheat. The objective of this study was to identify kernel weight gap for improving grain yield in 15 winter wheat genotypes grown in Shandong Province, China. A cluster analysis was conducted to classify the 15 wheat genotypes into high yielding (HY) and low yielding (LY) groups based on their performance in grain yield, harvest index, photosynthetic rate, kernels per square meter, and spikes per square meter from two years of field testing. While the grain yield was significantly higher in the HY group, its thousand kernel weight (TKW) was 8.8% lower than that of the LY group (p < 0.05). A structural equation model revealed that 83% of the total variation in grain yield for the HY group could be mainly explained by TKW, the flag leaf photosynthesis rate at the grain filling stage (Pn75), and flag leaf water-soluble carbohydrate content (WSC) at grain filling stage. Their effect values on yield were 0.579, 0.759, and 0.444, respectively. Our results suggest that increase of flag leaf photosynthesis and WSC could improve the TKW, and thus benefit for developing high yielding wheat cultivars.


2021 ◽  
Vol 117 (4) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Manel SALMI ◽  
Zine El Abidine FELLAHI ◽  
Abdelkader BENBELKACEM ◽  
Amar BENMAHAMMED ◽  
Hamenna BOUZERZOUR

<p class="042abstractstekst">Plant height, straw mass and flag leaf area are recognized by physiologists as morphological markers of drought stress tolerance. Developing varieties intended for arid and semi-arid zones need to select for these traits. Understanding the genetic control of a given trait helps breeder to handle the segregating populations under study in a more efficient and consistent manner by choosing the best breeding method available to realize significant genetic advance. For this purpose, six generations: parents, F1, F2, BC1, BC2, derived from MBB x ‘Gaviota’ durum wheat (<em>Triticum durum </em>Desf.) cross were grown to investigate the nature of gene action involved in the inheritance pattern of the three traits. The results indicated that the six-parameter model fitted the best the data related to the variability present in the generation means of the studied traits. Generation mean analysis indicated that non-allelic interactions were important factors controlling the expression of these characters with complementary type of gene action governing FLA and STW inheritance. High heritability estimates, moderate to high expected responses to selection, significant genetic correlations with grain yield and greater role of non-additive effects in controlling the inheritance of the three studied traits suggested that breeding methods exploiting both fixable and non-fixable components be applied to break unfavorable linkage and to accumulate useful genes in the base population, followed by mono-trait or index based selection in late advanced generations.</p>


Poljoprivreda ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 15-24
Author(s):  
Magdalena Matić ◽  
◽  
Rosemary Vuković ◽  
Karolina Vrandečić ◽  
Ivna Štolfa Čamagajevac ◽  
...  

During cultivation, wheat is exposed to several abiotic and/or biotic stress conditions that may adversely impact the wheat yield and quality. The impact of abiotic stress caused by nitrogen deficiency and biotic stress caused by phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium culmorum on biomarkers of oxidative stress in the flag leaf of nine winter wheat varieties (Ficko, U-1, Galloper, BC Mandica, BC Opsesija, Ingenio, Isengrain, Felix, and Bezostaya-1) was analyzed in this study. Hydrogen peroxide concentration and lipid peroxidation level were measured as indicators of oxidative stress, while the antioxidant response was determined by measuring the concentration of phenolic compounds and activities of antioxidant enzymes. Wheat variety and nitrogen treatment had a significant effect on all examined biomarkers of oxidative stress in the flag leaf, while the impact of Fusarium treatment was less pronounced. The most significant impact on the measured stress biomarkers had a low nitrogen level, which mainly increased hydrogen peroxide concentration and lipid peroxidation level and decreased activities of antioxidant enzymes in most varieties. The obtained results were discussed and compared with the previous study in which biochemical analyzes were performed on the wheat spike. There was no significant strong correlation between flag leaf and spike response in the measured parameters, which, in addition to the variety-specific response, also indicates a tissue-specific antioxidant response.


Author(s):  
P. Vinoth ◽  
B. Selvi ◽  
N. Senthil ◽  
K. Iyanar ◽  
S. Jeyarani ◽  
...  

Knowledge about the association between grain yield and yield contributing traits is important for sorghum development programs. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine correlations and path-coefficients between grain yield per plant and yield contributing traits. The experiment was conducted during Kharif 2019 in the Department of millets, TNAU, Coimbatore, India by using nine parents and twenty hybrids to study the genotypic correlations on the basis of seventeen traits.  Analysis of variance evinced significant variation for all the traits under study. In correlation studies, the grain yield was positively associated with plant height (0.603), leaf length (0.613), leaf area index (0.501), flag leaf length (0.529), panicle length (0.608), panicle weight (0.930) and hundred seed weight (0.643). In path analysis, the traits leaf length, flag leaf length, panicle length, panicle weight and hundred seed weight exposed highly direct and indirect effects. Selection for a trait is effective when both the correlation and direct effect are higher and positive as this indicates its true association. Hence this investigation revealed flag leaf length, panicle length, panicle weight and hundred seed weight exhibited positive association and direct effect on grain yield, which indicates that the selection towards these characters will improve the yield.


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