The Emergence of New Socioeconomic Strategies in the Middle and Late Holocene Pacific Northwest Region of North America

2009 ◽  
pp. 111-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Marie Prentiss
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Late Holocene ◽  
Northwest Region ◽  
Middle And Late Holocene

scholarly journals Assessing water resources adaptive capacity to climate change impacts in the Pacific Northwest Region of North America

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 1427-1443 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. Hamlet
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Management ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
North America ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Water Resources Management ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Resources Management ◽  
Northwest Region

Abstract. Climate change impacts in Pacific Northwest Region of North America (PNW) are projected to include increasing temperatures and changes in the seasonality of precipitation (increasing precipitation in winter, decreasing precipitation in summer). Changes in precipitation are also spatially varying, with the northwestern parts of the region generally experiencing greater increases in cool season precipitation than the southeastern parts. These changes in climate are projected to cause loss of snowpack and associated streamflow timing shifts which will increase cool season (October–March) flows and decrease warm season (April–September) flows and water availability. Hydrologic extremes such as the 100 yr flood and extreme low flows are also expected to change, although these impacts are not spatially homogeneous and vary with mid-winter temperatures and other factors. These changes have important implications for natural ecosystems affected by water, and for human systems. The PNW is endowed with extensive water resources infrastructure and well-established and well-funded management agencies responsible for ensuring that water resources objectives (such as water supply, water quality, flood control, hydropower production, environmental services, etc.) are met. Likewise, access to observed hydrological, meteorological, and climatic data and forecasts is in general exceptionally good in the United States and Canada, and is often supported by federally funded programs that ensure that these resources are freely available to water resources practitioners, policy makers, and the general public. Access to these extensive resources support the argument that at a technical level the PNW has high capacity to deal with the potential impacts of natural climate variability on water resources. To the extent that climate change will manifest itself as moderate changes in variability or extremes, we argue that existing water resources infrastructure and institutional arrangements provide a reasonably solid foundation for coping with climate change impacts, and that the mandates of existing water resources policy and water resources management institutions are at least consistent with the fundamental objectives of climate change adaptation. A deeper inquiry into the underlying nature of PNW water resources systems, however, reveals significant and persistent obstacles to climate change adaptation, which will need to be overcome if effective use of the region's extensive water resources management capacity can be brought to bear on this problem. Primary obstacles include assumptions of stationarity as the fundamental basis of water resources system design, entrenched use of historical records as the sole basis for planning, problems related to the relatively short time scale of planning, lack of familiarity with climate science and models, downscaling procedures, and hydrologic models, limited access to climate change scenarios and hydrologic products for specific water systems, and rigid water allocation and water resources operating rules that effectively block adaptive response. Institutional barriers include systematic loss of technical capacity in many water resources agencies following the dam building era, jurisdictional fragmentation affecting response to drought, disconnections between water policy and practice, and entrenched bureaucratic resistance to change in many water management agencies. These factors, combined with a federal agenda to block climate change policy in the US during the Bush administration have (with some exceptions) contributed to widespread institutional "gridlock" in the PNW over the last decade or so despite a growing awareness of climate change as a significant threat to water management. In the last several years, however, significant progress has been made in surmounting some of these obstacles, and the region's water resources agencies at all levels of governance are making progress in addressing the fundamental challenges inherent in adapting to climate change.

scholarly journals Using Remotely-Sensed Land Cover and Distribution Modeling to Estimate Tree Species Migration in the Pacific Northwest Region of North America

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Coops ◽  
Richard Waring ◽  
Andrew Plowright ◽  
Joanna Lee ◽  
Thomas Dilts
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Remotely Sensed ◽  
Species Migration ◽  
Distribution Modeling ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Northwest Region

Viola pluviaesp. nov. (Violaceae), a member of subsect.Stolonosaein the Pacific Northwest region of North America

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (9) ◽  
pp. e01931 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim Blaxland ◽  
Harvey E. Ballard ◽  
Thomas Marcussen
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Northwest Region

scholarly journals Assessing water resources adaptive capacity to climate change impacts in the Pacific Northwest Region of North America

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 4437-4471 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. Hamlet
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Management ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
North America ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Water Resources Management ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Resources Management ◽  
Northwest Region

Abstract. Climate change impacts in Pacific Northwest Region of North America (PNW) are projected to include increasing temperatures and changes in the seasonality of precipitation (increasing precipitation in winter, decreasing precipitation in summer). Changes in precipitation are also spatially varying, with the northwestern parts of the region generally experiencing greater increases in cool season precipitation than the southeastern parts. These changes in climate are projected to cause loss of snowpack and associated streamflow timing shifts which will increase cool season (October–March) flows and decrease warm season (April–September) flows and water availability. Hydrologic extremes such as the 100 year flood and extreme low flows are also expected to change, although these impacts are not spatially homogeneous and vary with mid-winter temperatures and other factors. These changes have important implications for natural ecosystems affected by water, and for human systems. The PNW is endowed with extensive water resources infrastructure and well-established and well-funded management agencies responsible for ensuring that water resources objectives (such as water supply, water quality, flood control, hydropower production, environmental services, etc.) are met. Likewise, access to observed hydrological, meteorological, and climatic data and forecasts is in general exceptionally good in the United States and Canada, and access to these products and services is often supported by federally funded programs that ensure that these resources are available to water resources practitioners, policy makers, and the general public. Access to these extensive resources support the argument that at a technical level the PNW has high capacity to deal with the potential impacts of natural climate variability on water resources. To the extent that climate change will manifest itself as moderate changes in variability or extremes, we argue that existing water resources infrastructure and institutional arrangements provide a solid foundation for coping with climate change impacts, and that the mandates of existing water resources policy and water resources management institutions are at least consistent with the fundamental objectives of climate change adaptation. A deeper inquiry into the underlying nature of PNW water resources systems, however, reveals significant and persistent obstacles to climate change adaptation, which will need to be overcome if effective use of the region's extensive water resources management capacity can be brought to bear on this problem. Primary obstacles include assumptions of stationarity as the fundamental basis of water resources system design, entrenched use of historic records as the sole basis for planning, problems related to the relatively short time scale of planning, lack of familiarity with climate science and models, downscaling procedures, and hydrologic models, limited access to climate change scenarios and hydrologic products for specific water systems, and rigid water allocation and water resources operating rules that effectively block adaptive response. Institutional barriers include systematic loss of technical capacity in many water resources agencies following the dam building era, jurisdictional fragmentation affecting response to drought, disconnections between water policy and practice, and entrenched bureaucratic resistance to change in many water management agencies. These factors, combined with a federal agenda to block climate change policy in the US during the Bush administration has (with some exceptions) led to institutional "gridlock" in the PNW over the last decade or so despite a growing awareness of climate change as a significant threat to water management. In the last several years, however, significant progress has been made in surmounting these obstacles, and the region's water resources agencies at all levels of governance are making progress in addressing the fundamental challenges inherent in adapting to climate change.

scholarly journals Cryptococcus gattii: An Emerging Cause of Fungal Disease in North America

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashwin Dixit ◽  
Scott F. Carroll ◽  
Salman T. Qureshi
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
South American ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
American Experience ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Northwest Region

During the latter half of the twentieth century, fungal pathogens such asCryptococcus neoformanswere increasingly recognized as a significant threat to the health of immune compromised populations throughout the world. Until recently, the closely related speciesC. gattiiwas considered to be a low-level endemic pathogen that was confined to tropical regions such as Australia. Since 1999,C. gattiihas emerged in the Pacific Northwest region of North America and has been responsible for a large disease epidemic among generally healthy individuals. The changing epidemiology ofC. gattiiinfection is likely to be a consequence of alterations in fungal ecology and biology and illustrates its potential to cause serious human disease. This review summarizes selected biological and clinical aspects ofC. gattiithat are particularly relevant to the recent North American outbreak and compares these to the Australian and South American experience.

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